Professionalism project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professionalism project - Essay Example Sheng reckons that individuals, businesses, nonprofit organizations, and government can use managerial accounting to evaluate their business performance. More so, Sheng notes that managerial accounting follows no accounting standards or general principles and hence companies can choose specific tools and techniques for managing their businesses (Caplan 1). Sheng observed that business could implement managerial accounting by themselves or hire professional accountants with knowledge on management accounting to carry out this role. In Sheng’s case, her relative uses certain managerial accounting techniques to evaluate the business performance of the food store. Most importantly, Sheng says that various management accounting techniques help their family in making important management decisions. She named the techniques he relative uses that included budgets, variance analysis, target costing, activity based costing, just – in - time system, and break-even analysis. Sheng states that budgets are important in the food store as they create a financial road map for the management to follow while planning on how to spend business capital in the future. Sheng notes that the process of making the food store’s budget involves the analysis of past production figures, labor cost, and raw material costs used to do specific things in the business. She hence says that they use another technique called variance analysis to ensure that the management follows the budget and provides information on how to handle potential variances. Sheng states that variance analysis involves the calculation of variances on the assumed labor costs, and level of sales in the food store. As such, variance analysis helps the management of the food store to choose which department in the food store needs changes. On the other hand, Sheng state that her relative uses Just-in-time systems to ensure that supply of products to the food store takes

Chiquita Bananas Essay Example for Free

Chiquita Bananas Essay Chiquita is blamed for the actions of two terrorist organizations that extorted money from the company. Victims and their families of the attacks performed by these two terrorist organizations are looking for compensation from Chiquita, claiming that the company is responsible for making those attacks happen. Chiquita has to make a decision whether or not to take the responsibility for the actions performed by the two organizations. Key Facts/Background FARC and AUC (two Colombian organizations currently designated by the U. S. as terrorist organizations) purportedly threatened Chiquita’s executives to hurt employees in the Colombian plant if the company failed to provide the payments for their â€Å"protection. † Chiquita continued to do so until two years after the U. S. designated AUC as a terrorist organization. The U. S. government fined Chiquita for giving â€Å"protection money† to FARC and AUC. Now the victims and families of FARC and AUC are coming forward to claim compensation for damages they incurred due to actions that were financed in part by the money provided by Chiquita. If the law that permits victims and their families to sue providers of support to the terrorist organizations passes, Chiquita may face multiple lawsuits for providing this support to FARC and AUC, which may amount to millions of dollars. The law is not yet in place but the problem that Chiquita is facing is already here. Stakeholder Analysis Based on the case one of the main stakeholders is Chiquita. Giving money to FARC and AUC in the first place was not only illegal (after 2001) but also not aligned with, what could be perceived as company’s dedication to protect its employees—giving money may have (and actually did) encourage the AUC to continue to threaten Chiquita just like FARC did. The company did not show that they are constant and coherent in their vision of corporate and social responsibility. They did not care about the communities they operated in as much as they cared about their own well being. The issue is that the payments were already made and the company admitted to it, which ended with a plea agreement with the U. S. government. Now, the challenge is whether or not to admit that Chiquita is responsible for actions of FARC and AUC because â€Å"extortion† money has been paid. This may result in either lawsuits or settlements for all the damage incurred by the two terrorist organizations, which in turn will result in definite lowering of the bottom line and losing credibility. At the same time (just like with the Tylenol case) if Chiquita acknowledges by itself the wrongdoing, it may recover its image of socially responsible company and show that it is aligned with their beliefs of protecting people (just as they protected their employees, they should protect all the people who are affected by their actions). If Chiquita will wait until law is passed and then fight over the responsibility, it will be costly, but also the company will loose all the credibility they built with the customers and shareholders over the decades. The U. S. judicial system is another main stakeholder. If the law is passed, the courts in U. S. will be tasked with making a decision of whether Chiquita is indeed liable for, what the company was believing to be, paying the extortion and â€Å"protection† money to safeguard their employees against harm from FARC or AUC. Here the court may be in a dilemma, since the illegal activity that Chiquita engaged itself in was believed to be because it was trying to protect lives of their employees. Now, with one more law in place—to compensate those who suffered from FARC and AUC—the dilemma will boil down to determining if what Chiquita believed to be the reasoning behind these payments, was indeed it. If yes, could we punish Chiquita for trying to protect their employees? The other main stakeholders are the victims (and their families) of FARC and AUC’s actions. They are trying to bring to justice people who are responsible for their suffering. Now, the challenge is that they are trying to bring to justice a company that was not directly but rather indirectly harming them. The reasoning behind this is the belief that the money Chiquita paid was indeed used in hurting those people. The victims and their families have right to demand justice. The question remains, of who actually should be brought to justice. Options Analysis Based on the current situation (company already admitted to paying the money, internal documents that the money did provide benefits exceeding the protecting of the employees were unveiled, threat of lawsuits), Chiquita has couple limited options, which are based on justice and duty. First option is to come out now and take the responsibility for the actions of FARC and AUC. The law may not be in place yet, but this decision may show that Chiquita is standing by its promise to protect people affected by its actions. This option definitely addresses the claims of victims and their families—they will get the compensation they are seeking. Chiquita will face multiple lawsuits and will be harmed financially, which affects shareholders of the company. In this case the reasoning behind the payments is brought in place—whether it was for corporate gain or protection of employees. Another option would be to refuse paying compensation to victims of FARC and AUC based on the fact that Chiquita did nothing directly to harm them. Moreover, they were protecting people by paying the terrorist. If the law holding the company responsible for these actions is not in place, the company and the U. S. justice system are â€Å"off the hook† and the victims and families can’t seek to have their claims fulfilled. If the law holding the company responsible is in place, then Chiquita is going to be brought to justice and both the justice system and the victims will have their legal claims fulfilled. Recommendation It comes down to determining whether the company benefitted in other ways than protecting their employees from paying for the â€Å"protection† from FARC and AUC. From the information provided in the internal documents it seems like it did. Even without the internal documents, Chiquita did benefit financially from being present for all those years in Colombia (Chiquita in Colombia Case, p. 4: according to AUGURA, â€Å"productivity on Latin and Central American plantations were three times greater than in the Caribbean, and costs to import were 50% lower†). The company had the direct benefit in paying the FARC and AUC for their â€Å"protection. † Doing business in Colombia was lucrative and giving it up was (at that time) more damaging than paying terrorist. That’s why my recommendation to Chiquita is to come forward and admit to their wrongdoing and pay the claimants for their damages. It will be hard to run a company with such past, but this lesson will (hopefully) help avoid such issues in the future (not only for Chiquita but also other companies who are doing business internationally in unstable political and security environments). Action Let’s say someone is threatening to kill me unless I give him or her my car. I know he or she may kill someone else with it—I wouldn’t give it up even if I paid with my own life for it. If my family is threatened—I give it up, since I am responsible for more people. If the situation repeats over many years and every month I give up the car to protect myself and my family, more and more people are being killed. Do I admit to what that someone does? Am I responsible for this? I would want to think that not. But if there is a case of repeat actions like this, I would have to take that responsibility. And that’s why Chiquita should act on their core social responsibility values they preach. Synopsis By giving money to FARC and AUC, Chiquita approved of the actions of the two organizations. The solution is to now take the responsibility for these actions.

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Essay -- Drug Abuse, Substance Abuse

Alcohol and Drug Abuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol and drug abuse is one of biggest problems in United States today. It is not only a personal problem that dramatically affects individuals' lives, but is a major social problem that affects society as whole. "Drug and alcohol abuse", these phrases we hear daily on the radio, television or in discussions of social problem. But what do they mean or what do we think and understand by it? Most of us don't really view drug or alcohol use as a problem, if that includes your grandmother taking two aspirins when she has a headache or your friends having few beers or drinks on Saturday night. What we really mean is that some drugs or alcohol are being used by some people or in some situations constitute problem with which our society must deal. It becomes a real problem when using or I should say abusing drugs cause accidents, antisocial behavior, broken relationships, family instability, crime and violence, poverty, unsafe streets and highways, worker absenteeism a nd nonproductivity, and the most tragic one death. The situation in which the drug or alcohol uses accurse often makes all the difference. The clearest example is the drinking of alcohol, when individual begins to drink during the job, at school, or in the morning, we have evidence that indicates a potential drinking problem. If a person takes narcotic drug because he just wrecked his knee while his physician prescribed playing football and the drug, most of us would be not concerned. If, on the other hand, he took the same drug on his own just because he likes the way it makes him feel, then we should begin to worry about him developing dependence. Even use of illegal drugs are sometimes acceptable, but it also depends on situation, for example in some countries smoking marijuana is legal just like drinking alcohol in United States. Some subcultures even in United States that accept the use of illegal drugs may distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable situation, some college age groups might accept marijuana smoking at a party on weekends, but not just before going to a calculus class. Most of people would accept a fact that a bartender or a waiter who is working at a night club is having a beer or a drink on his break or that a landscape worker is having a cold beer with his lunch on a hot summer day. I'm not saying that it is "OK" but we wouldn't complain a... ... treatment for alcoholism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another tragic and very important issue ate the " Crack Babies". A crack baby is a child born to a mother who was smoking crack during her pregnancy and up until the time of birth. The infant is addicted at birth, suffers withdrawal agonies, and continues to suffer from developmental abnormalities. These tragedies occur at too high a rate no matter how many there are†¦ The 1991 Household Survey data estimated that about 280,000 women of all ages might have used crack at some time during the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children are introduced to drugs and alcohol at a very young age. Many of them see alcohol and drugs in their homes, used by their parents on daily bases. Some of these children don't even realize that it is wrong, "not normal", and not accepted in other homes until they are old enough to understand that situation in their home is a problem and that it is wrong. Minors usually begin using alcohol at around age 13. Statistics show that by the time they are high school sinners, 81 percent of teens have used alcohol. Alcohol consumption and alcohol abuse are more widespread among young people than many adults realize. Drug abuse is also very high.

Chinese government Essay

Ai WeiWei blurred the lines between the aesthetic and the political. According to the internet, aesthetic is defined as concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty. Ai WeiWei used art to â€Å"protest† against the Chinese government. Ai Weiwei was a creative man who thought of ideas how to represent the names of all the children who were killed in a deadly earthquake. A commentator in the movie claimed that Ai WeiWei was doing a job that the government should be doing. A deadly earthquake collapsed many buildings including homes and schools. Thousands of children were killed and were left unrecognized. Ai WeiWei wasn’t going to let this go. He assembled a project, full of volunteers to help him search for the names of the children who were killed in the disaster. He placed every individual name on his wall. The project inspired him to create more pieces of art work to revolt against the Chinese government. Ai WeiWei was a fearless man. Ai WeiWei was very involved with social media. He used twitter to share to the world how corrupt China’s government was. He left China when he said â€Å"Fuck You Mother Land. † Cameras are sometimes forbidden in China. Ai WeiWei was assaulted by a police officer, but that did not stop him from taking pictures in front court houses or of an officer who was at the scene when he was attacked. Ai WeiWei created a wall full of back packs to make other individuals aware of the children that died in the earthquake. During the 2nd anniversary, Ai WeiWei asked his followers to pick a name and record it on tape and share it to the world. Ai WeiWei was sharing his experience in China of the corrupt government with thousands of people around the world. Ai WeiWei made people aware of what was going on in China. Ai WeiWei became well-known through his work of art. He expressed his ideas through his work. Not only did his art make him well-known, Ai WeiWei captured many supporters to revolt against the corrupt system. Ai WeiWei was a man with no selfishness. He looked out for others and he was always looking and searching for ideas that would help him and his followers. Ai WeiWei was not afraid of the consequences, as long as he knew it was for the good.

Chapter Review and Trace Essay

1. What are the five elements in the rhetorical situation? The five elements in the rhetorical situation are Text, Reader, Author, Constraints, and Exigency. 2. How can a reader use the rhetorical situation to analyze an argument essay? How can a viewer use the rhetorical situation to analyze an image? How can a writer use the rhetorical situation during the planning phase of writing a paper? In an argument essay using the rhetorical situation to analyze the essay will give the exact points of the subject, clearly define the intended audience of the essay, while seeing the authors argument on the particular subject and their position, motives, or degree of expertise. It will keep focus on the events or circumstances that cause analysis to reactions to the situations that lead to the argument, and clearly see the controversy or problem that needs attention in the first place. In analyzing an image, rhetorical analysis will help highlight what stands out about the image, how the text if there is a text ties into the influence of the argument of the image, and how the author of the image feels. A writer can use the rhetorical situation when planning phase of writing a paper to help think critically and make decisions about the writing. Focusing on what is the motivation and who needs to read the argument will help pick the influences and ways to persuade the reader. Deciding how to illustrate the attitudes, beliefs, or afflictions is important to keep the reader’s attention. 3. Why is the audience important in argument? What types of positions might an audience initially hold? What possible outcomes are associated with arguments directed to each of these audiences? The audience is important in order to create common ground and achieve some definable audience outcomes. The audience may initially be a friendly audience, an undecided audience, a neutral audience, a hostile audience, an unfamiliar audience, or a linked audience. Possible outcomes are convincing people to your cause, pushing people away from your cause to the opposing side, people could remain bias, and people could become angry and/or violent towards you and your argument. 4. What is a discourse community? To what discourse communities do you belong? How does a discourse community help establish common ground for its members? A discourse community is a group of people who share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals.  It helps to establish common ground for its members by having resources and peers interested and sharing in the same beliefs and ideals and having peers to converse with to learn and research subject matter that all or most members enjoy and share interest in. 5. What is the universal audience? What are the special qualities of this audience? Why is it a useful idea? The universal audience is an imagined audience that serves as an ethical and argumentative test for the rhetor. The universal audience is educated, reasonable, normal, adult, and willing to listen. It is especially useful when the audience is largely unknown and you cannot obtain much information about them.

East of Eden BookMovie comparison essays

East of Eden BookMovie comparison essays East of Eden: Book Movie Explanation John Steinbecks epic tale, East of Eden, is portrayed very accurately in Elia Kazans film adaptation of the novel. Though the screen adaptation of East of Eden is an excellent portrayal, one of the most probable reasons for deleting sections of the book were constraints of time and money. Apparently the directors choices to delete certain sections of the book obviously did not affect the movie or the books plot line too greatly. The director most probably felt that the backgrounds of Adam or Kate were not necessary since in this movie the main theme circulated around Cal and Arons fight to win their fathers love and attention. Elia Kazan probably also felt that the role of Lee, Samuel Hamilton, and other supporting characters were not essential to the screenplay. I do think that the director should have added a little insight and background to Adams family such as his feeling of respect and not love toward his father Cyrus and, like his own sons situation, his brother, Charles, jealousy over his fathers affection. The last moments of the movie sum up and bring all the emotional conflicts of this dysfunctional family to a heads in climatic and dramatic fashion. Cal believes that he will finally aquire the love, appreciation and respect that he has craved for from his father, through his gift of money. His fathers rejection only serves to convince him that further attempts to gain his fathers approval are futile and that he truly must be evil as everyone suspects. His brothers rejection confirms his decision and he reacts by revealing his mothers identity to his brother Aron. Aron subsequently enlists in the armed forces and is ...

The Challenges of Using Nonlinear Programming, Decision Analysis, Forecasting, and Queuing in Quantitative Decision Making.

The Challenges of Using Nonlinear Programming, Decision Analysis, Forecasting, and Queuing in Quantitative Decision Making. Introduction Linear programming can be referred to as a mathematical means for deciding the outcome of a function such as maximum or minimum as per relationships known as linear relationships, which are presented in a mathematical model (Hillier et al. 2010). It can also be referred to as a method for determining linear type functions in relations to their equality or inequality constraints.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Challenges of Using Nonlinear Programming, Decision Analysis, Forecasting, and Queuing in Quantitative Decision Making. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, non linear programming refers to a process by which a set of equalities and inequalities are collectively solved over a set of known variables in comparison to a function which is either maximized or minimized provided that the function or some of the set of variables are nonlinear (Strayer, 1989). A nonlinear equation curves at some point or at many points as per the complexity of your equation. Also, non linear equations consists of exponents and the higher the exponents the more the curves when they are graphed. However, in a linear equation, the exponents are not higher than one and thus linear equations are on a straight line and their purpose is to find the line that comes closest to your data (Hiller Hiller, 2010). Sometimes, due to the close relationship between linear and nonlinear programming, it is difficult for managers to decide which of the two to use in decision analysis, forecasting and queuing in quantitative decision making. However, nonlinear programming often provides a greater precision for problem solving to managers though it is more difficult to calculate due the exponent compositions. Linear programming can be used by managers for preliminary analysis whereas nonlinear programming, due to its precision, is best for the final analysis (Hiller Hiller, 2010) It is difficult to te ll the difference between a linear programming and a nonlinear programming in almost every aspect. This is because both of them share the fact that decisions are made regarding the levels of a number of activities that have any value that satisfy given set of constraints. Also, decisions in reference to these activities are based on overall measure performance. The applications of both differ in the following three ways; The first difference is found in the nature of their relationships. It is a proven fact that nonlinear programming is used to model non proportional relationships between activity levels and overall measure of performance while linear programming assumes a proportional relationship. The second major difference is that while the constructing nonlinear formulas used in nonlinear programming, it posses a greater challenge than constructing linear formulas. The final major difference lies in the solution of linear and nonlinear equations. It is difficult to solve a non linear equations and sometimes impossible unlike the linear equations which are easy and straightforward. Thus, it can be concluded that nonlinear programming raises various challenges because it uses a more complicated relationship between the activity levels and the overall measure of the performance.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The four types of profit graphs with Non proportional Relationships are; Decreasing marginal returns graph When a graph is plotted such that profit is against the level of activity and the slope of the graph doe not in any way show increment as activity levels increase, such a graph is known as a decreasing marginal returns graph. Also, an activity is said to have decreasing marginal returns when the slope of the cost graph increases as the level of activity increases. You can also encounter decreasing marginal returns when less effi cient inputs are used to increase the activity levels (Strayer, 1989). Piecewise Linear These are termed thus because they consist of sequences of connected line segments and the slope of the profit graph remains the same within each line segment as the level of activity increases. However, the slope of the profit graph decreases at the kink where the next line segment begins and this graph can also be termed as having decreasing marginal returns (Karlin, 1959). Discontinuities graph This is a situation where the profit graph is disconnected because it suddenly jumps up or slows down due to various reasons such as when the quantity discounts for the purchase of a product is available at a time the production levels for the said product has risen beyond specific levels (Strayer, 1989). Increasing marginal returns graph This is another way in which proportionality assumption is violated. In this case, the slope of the profit graph does not decrease but at times increases with increase in the level of activity. The four types of decision criteria are as listed below: The maximax Criterion This is the decision criterion for they who are always optimistic and it states that a manager should only look on the positive side of events. This works through the identification of the maximum payoff from each decision alternative and then finding the maximum of these payoffs before choosing the corresponding decision alternatives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Challenges of Using Nonlinear Programming, Decision Analysis, Forecasting, and Queuing in Quantitative Decision Making. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Where this criterion is preferred, it is because it gives an opportunity for the best possible outcome to happen (Karlin, 1959). However, its drawback is that it ignores all the payoffs except the largest one. This means that all the rest are ignored despite their probability of success. The Max imin Criterion This is the criteria used by total pessimists because it focuses on the worst that can happen. It works through the identification of the minimum payoff from all decision alternatives and thereafter finding the maximum of these minimum payoffs before choosing a corresponding decision alternative. The rationale behind it is that it provides the best possible protection against any bad luck despite the likelihood of the decision leading to its worst state. However, it has a drawback in that it completely ignores all probabilities (Strayer, 1989). The Maximum Likelihood Criterion It focuses on the most likely state of nature by identifying that state of nature with the largest priority and choosing the decision alternative that has the largest payoff for the given state of nature. Bayes decision rule This uses the prior probabilities of the possible states of nature by using the calculation of the weighted average of its payoff through multiplication of each payoff by th e prior probability of the corresponding state of nature and then summing the products. This weighted average is termed as the expected payoff and according to Baye’s rule, the largest of this expected payoff is chosen (Karlin, 1959). Decision trees and the analysis process A decision tree can be termed as the process under which analysis progresses and decisions are made as per the analysis undertaken. Trees consist of nodes and branches. Nodes are points in the tree where events occur whereas branches can be referred to as lines coming from the nodes. There are two types of nodes; decision nodes represented by squares and indicating a point which a decision is made and an event node which is circular in nature and indicates the occurrence of a random event. Decision trees are useful for analysis and visualization of problems especially problems of complex nature. Thus, decision trees can be termed as critical in the analysis process (Gale, 1960).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The five types of Forecasting Techniques and the difference in each approach are: The last value forecasting method It is also called the naà ¯ve method and uses the last month’s sales as the forecast for the next moth. It is a reasonable method in situations where conditions change fast that previous sales before the last month are not reliable indicator of future sales. The Averaging forecasting method This is the use of the average value of all the monthly sales to date as the forecast for next month. It is used when conditions tend to remain stable throughout such that earlier sales are reliable indicator of future sales. The movings of queuing systems Commercial service system In the commercial type of service system, an organization takes the mandate of providing customers who are not from within the said organization with various services. These customers come, are served and return to their various destinations. Examples include institutions such as the Barber shop w here the customers are people and the server is the barber. Another example can be the plumbing services where the clogged pipes can be termed as the customers and the server is the plumber (Hiller Hiller, 2010). Internal service system This is a queuing system which customers receiving service are internal to the organization providing the service. Examples include the Mainframe computer where the customers are employees and the server is the computer and plumbing Inspection station where the customers are the items and the server is the inspector. Transportation Service Stations The transportation service system is a system which referrers to the involvement of transportation services. This is such that either the customer or the server is a vehicle. Examples include the highway tollbooth where the cars can be termed as the customers while the server is the cashier. Another example is the airline service where the customers are the people using the airline while the server is the airplane (Hiller Hiller, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, as Hillier et al. (2010) states, management decisions can determine the success or failure of a firm. Thus, it is mandatory for the necessary for proper analysis and forecasting to be performed before decisions can be reached at. It is also important to note here that not all statistical tools for analysis into the decision making process have been discussed by me in this paper. This is a wide subject area that could not be covered in one assignment. However, it is an essential matter to have customers in mind whenever models are developed in any level because they are the end consumers of the company’s product and services. References Gale, D (1960). The Theory of Linear Economic Models, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Hillier, M., Hillier, S.(2010). Introduction to Management Science: A Modeling and Case Studies Approach with Spreadsheets, (4th Ed), New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Publishing Company Karlin, S. (1959). ‘Mathematical Methods and Theory in Games,’ Programming and  Economics, vol. 1, Addison-Wesley Strayer, K. (1989). Linear Programming and Applications,New York, NY: Springer

Difference Between Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius

Difference Between Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius You cant simply whip out a yardstick or ruler to measure the size of an  atom. These  building blocks  of all matter  are much too small, and, since  electrons  are always in motion, the diameter of an atom is a bit fuzzy. Two measures used to describe atomic size are  atomic radius and  ionic radius. The two are very similar- and in some cases, even the same- but there are minor and important differences between them. Read on to learn more about these two ways to measure an atom. Key Takeaways: Atomic vs Ionic Radius There are different ways to measure the size of the atom, including atomic radius, ionic radius, covalent radius, and van der Waals radius.The atomic radius is half the diameter of a neutral atom. In other words, it is half the diameter of an atom, measuring across the outer stable electrons.The ionic radius is half the distance between two gas atoms that are just touching each other. This value may be the same as the atomic radius, or it may be larger for anions and the same size of smaller for cations.Both atomic and ionic radius follow the same trend on the periodic table. Generally, radius decreases moving across a period (row) and increases moving down a group (column). Atomic Radius The atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outermost stable electron of a neutral atom. In practice, the value is obtained by measuring the diameter of an atom and dividing it in half. The radii of neutral atoms ranges from 30 to 300 pm or trillionths of a meter. The atomic radius is a term used to describe the size of the  atom, however, there is no standard definition for this value. Atomic radius may actually refer to the  ionic radius,  as well as the  covalent radius, metallic radius, or  van der Waals radius. Ionic Radius The ionic radius is half the distance between two gas atoms that are just touching each other. Values range from 30 pm to over 200 pm. In a neutral atom, the atomic and ionic radius are the same, but many elements exist as anions or cations. If the atom loses its outermost electron (positively charged or cation), the ionic radius is smaller than the atomic radius because the atom loses an electron energy shell. If the atom gains an electron (negatively charged or anion), usually the electron falls into an existing energy shell so the size of the ionic radius and atomic radius are comparable. The concept of ionic radius is further complicated by the shape of atoms and ions. While particles of matter are often depicted as spheres, they arent always round. Researchers have discovered chalcogen ions are actually ellipsoid in shape. Trends in the  Periodic Table Whichever method you use to describe atomic size, it displays a trend or periodicity in the periodic table. Periodicity refers to the recurring trends that are seen in the element properties.  These trends became apparent to  Demitri Mendeleev  when he arranged the elements in order of increasing mass. Based on the properties that were displayed  by the known elements, Mendeleev was able to predict where there were holes in his table, or elements yet to be discovered. The  modern periodic table  is very similar to Mendeleevs table but today, elements are ordered by increasing  atomic number, which reflects  the number of protons  in an atom. There arent any undiscovered elements,  although new elements  can be created that have even higher numbers of protons. Atomic and ionic radius increase as you move down a column (group) of the periodic table because an electron shell is added to the atoms. Atomic size decreases as you move across a row- or period- of the table because the increased number of protons exerts a stronger pull on the electrons. Noble gasses are the exception. Although the size of a noble gas atom does increase as you move down the column, these atoms are larger than the preceding atoms in a row. Sources Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics. Springer. 2005. ISBN 978-0-387-01672-6. Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed., p.1385). Wiley. 1988. ISBN 978-0-471-84997-1.Pauling, L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1960Wasastjerna, J. A. On the Radii of Ions.  Comm. Phys.-Math., Soc. Sci. Fenn.  1  (38): 1–25. 1923

Week 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 2 - Assignment Example â€Å"war game† situation in which the enemy (Red Team) attempts to hack and infiltrate its information system either to get some valuable data or destroy its enemys data to render it useless and make the enemy incapable of any coherent response. It is an exercise in assessing a capability to respond to an attack. The Red Team attacks a designated enemys information security systems to test its own capability of carrying out an attack and also to test the ability of the Blue Team to defend against such an attack (Mejia, 2008, para. 2). While merely simulated, there is great value in an exercise like this because it allows both teams and the top management people to think of entire network security and see it in a wholistic manner rather than be bogged down in parochial interests. The Red Team thinks like an outsider and looks for any vulnerabilities they can exploit in the existing information security system infrastructure of their designated target. The Blue Team defending is also benefited because it learns of security holes in the system and becomes alert and vigilant. In a larger sense, the Red Team is more valuable because it can give top management people warning to not be complacent or take things for granted and so any flaws discovered in this exercise must be fixed immediately. This is similar to the white hat versus black hat exercises in which black hats are the hackers and white hats are the defenders (Bokotey et al., 2003, p. 432). Mejia, R. (2008, April 27). â€Å"Red team, blue team: How to run an effective simulation.† Network World. Retrieved August 14, 2014 from

The Open Forms of Resistance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Open Forms of Resistance - Essay Example Through this discussion James C. Scott, want to state that everyday resistance is one of the basic forms of opposition to oppression. Scott initiated this concept in the year 1985, which reflected about the various forms of resistance. The resistance as per his opinion is not as dramatic as a rebel but everyday resistance is more hidden and invisible. He also stated that the forms of slave resistance are more important than the outright rebellion. On the other hand, a peasant rebellion is uncommon and it cannot occur when required as well as it does not have the much impact, therefore, it is considered as the less important (Scott, â€Å"Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance†). The â€Å"Discourse on Colonialism† may be the best description as the state of war, which is provided by Aime Cesaire and it is also known as the third world manifesto. On the other hand, the analysis made by Scott is that the everyday resistance to the open forms and revolutionary actions may also describe the statement of war. This analysis of Scott provides information related to the actual meaning of everyday resistance and the forms of resistance. According to Scott, the notion of national sovereignty, was however, historically superseded as per the thought of revolutionary anticolonialism besides becoming a politically absolute future past, when it failed to secure freedom for colonized people. He also argues that traditional dreams related to total revolution and political emancipation is the form of power that can be negotiated but cannot be mitigated completely (Kelley 1-52).

Christian Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Christian Ethics - Research Paper Example Consequently, the organization implemented the policy of organizing morning prayers for all workers before the start of operations thereby ensuring that the spirit of evil desires and impurity are put at bay through prayers. The policy is successful since nearly all the workers in my organization are religious with most being of Christian faith. Â  In order to ensure that my organization implements better ethical practices at the workplace, I would recommend for gradual implementation of the ethical practices. First, all the workers need to be informed of the intention of introducing the ethical practices in the organization. Secondly, the workers should have a say or decide on the practices they feel should be implemented, and this requires brainstorming, soberness, understanding, and sacrifices. This is helpful since it ensures that workers play a role in the creation and implementation of policies and ethical practices that will affect their lives while serving in the organization. When workers accept the anticipated ethical practices, they feel bound by their decisions and, therefore, strive to abide by them. Such decisions will serve as guidance to their relations at the workplace and to some extent their daily lives since they spend most of their time.

Learning style theory in post secondary education Research Paper

Learning style theory in post secondary education - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the ideology of learning styles can be considered somewhat not yet established deduction regarding the observation that there is an exhibition of preference by many, over certain interactions of learning compared to others. Taking such a concept, the ideology of personalized "learning styles" was realized and afterwards popularized by the renowned â€Å"Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Model†. There are many types of the models used in the implementation of learning styles. The occurrence of the auditory learning style involves the art of listening to the spoken word. The other model is the Kinesthetic learning that occurs via acting and interacting. Eventually, the visual learning involves looking at mind-maps, images, body language and demonstrations. The theory of learning models aims at explaining why school grades, classroom performance, and aptitude tests often than not, fail in identifying ones real ability. The Learn ing Style Profiler is a new measurement by Professor Chris Jackson that aimed at implementing a neuropsychological learning model in personality. The approach argues that Sensation Seeking presents a key biological motivation of learning, exploration and curiosity. He notes that a high exploration drive results in consequences of dysfunctional learning. Evidence regarding this argument alleges impression although it is yet to be verified through independent research. (Jackson, 2005). As early as the 70s, a research body on learning conducted a holistic exploration, active perspective of strategies and approaches – in contrast to styles – which accounts for the previous events’ effects, contextual feelings and experiences. This research body based in the UK has been operation for a period of twenty five years, drawing on the contributions of Marton and Saljo and Pask , additionally, from Northern Europe, there is a renowned model of learning, Vermunt’s is used. Vermunt’s model is referred to as the Inventory of Learning Styles (ILS). The model is influential especially in the institution of higher education (Vermunt, 1994). The ILS models in its broader view states that, learners are highly influenced by the contextual and strategies; there resultant is a multifaceted perspective of teaching. The ILS emphasis motivates a pedagogy approach that is broad thus encompassing institutional culture, subject discipline , previous experience of students’ and the manner of organizing and assessing the curriculum. Every other theory belonging to this learning family tend to elevate ‘styles’ as they favor ‘approaches’ and ‘strategies’ since past ideologies regarding styles improved the ideology of particular interventions with an intention of to matching existing styles or encouraging a styles’ repertoire (Honey & Mumford, 1992). The Entwistle’s model features a strategy describi ng the manner in which learners decide to address a particular task of learning. By adopting such a strategy, they account for the perceived demands. The approach is thus less fixed compared to a style; a style tends to be a wider characterization of the manner in which students show general preference in tackling tasks of learning (Entwistle, 1998). Some of the general support of ILS is that the application is on learning and thinking of students in the university. It implements new versions used in preparing for learning at work as well as 16–18 age group students. The approach is featured in studying various styles of learning for both the students and teachers themselves. Regarding the design of the model, the approach can be described as an experientially grounded approach that involved interviewing of students.

Quality improvement and evolution over the last 10 years in United Essay

Quality improvement and evolution over the last 10 years in United Arab Emirates - Essay Example In addition, suppliers have also recognized that quality acts as a differentiating factor between what they offer and what their competitors offer (Knowles, 2012). In the last ten years, the quality differentiator in the UAE has reduced greatly between competing services and products with the maturation of Quality Management. Organizations in the UAE, as well as other countries in the Middle East, have raised their quality standards through various initiatives to meet customer demands and international standards. Three of the most widely used Quality Management tools include the ISO 9000 series, the Six Sigma, and the Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence, especially for organizations with American business connections like Sheikh Khalifa Medical City. By the, late 1990s, Quality Management had become a mainstay in most organizations and those in the UAE were not an exception. With the beginning of the 21st century, there was a maturity of the quality movement in the UAE, whic h saw evolution of new systems of quality beyond the foundations laid by early Oriental practitioners like Japan. One example of this maturation was the revision of the ISO 9000 series of international standards that increased client satisfaction emphasis (Knowles, 2012). The ISO 9001:2000 was integrated by UAE organizations to replace the earlier ISO 9003, ISO 9002, and ISO 9001. This version sought to centralize the process management process, while demanding the involvement of executive management in the integration of business systems quality. It also sought to ensure that quality functions were not delegated to junior managers. Performance-metrics was another goal of the improvement. Another improvement was made in 2008 with ISO 9001:2008, which clarified the requirements that were in existence (Knowles, 2012). The Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence has also matured in the UAE for organizations that run in partnership or are owned by US. This quality standard serves v arious purposes; including aiding organizations in assessing efforts ate quality improvement and identification of improvement opportunities, facilitating information sharing and communication, and as a tool for performance and quality management (Knowles, 2012). The standard’s integrated approach seeks to ensure that organizations deliver improving stakeholder and customer value, as well as improved capabilities and effectiveness of the organization. This quality standard added healthcare to original organization categories in 2005. Finally, the Six Sigma methodology is a quality standard whose main aim is to reduce defects and improve the bottom line. It uses data to achieve quality that is near-perfect and has evolved greatly in the last 20 years. In the last 10 years alone, it has matured to include consultancy, training, and implementation of the tool as a methodology, a metric, and a management system (Knowles, 2012). These quality initiative movements have had various successes with regards to their effectiveness. They allow organizations to strengthen their position competitively, while also offering the organizations adaptability to conditions in changing markets and regulations by the government, especially in the UAE where q number of organizations are foreign-owned. In addition, on top of increasing organizational productivity, they enhance the image of those that use them in the public eye,

Liberal Capitalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Liberal Capitalism - Assignment Example According to Kovel (pp. 45) the shift in business governs, the trend shifted from the usual state capitalism to liberal capitalism. State capitalism refers to when the market and business environments are dominated by the government. It is also characterised by government business emerging in the market and influencing the market structure. In another scenario, state capitalism is whereby the private owned businesses are having their operations fully controlled by the government (Feenberg, pp.98). Some of the operations controlled by the government include credit allocation and investment ventures. Generally state capitalism can be described as a system where the state influences the economic environment to serve its own interest. On the other hand liberal capitalism refers to the market freedom of citizens. This is where individuals in the market environment are given the freedom to make their own decisions, make their own mistakes and chose their own investors. According to Steele (pp, 134) liberalism tends to oppose any government interference in the corporate environment. It advocates for economic liberty to choices and decisions. However, in some scenarios governments give funds to private business people but it does not give them the liberty to control the business persons. In this paper I will focus on proving that liberal capitalism is better than state capitalism. It will also focus on the advantages liberal capitalism has over state capitalism. Liberal capitalism is usually referred to a system which enables creation of wealth. In this case, wealth refers to private property with sole decisions making regarding the wealth. Prior to the establishment of liberal capitalism, many people in the economic environment used to make wealth, but in this case the government was the beneficiary. The government enjoyed and exploited the effort invested in the economic front. All individuals with companies were heavily taxed and had decisions made by the government . The government chose their investors and who to transact business with. This hindered most people from being successful (Kovel, pp.76). Their wealth was a crumb of the cake the government was getting. However, this tendency has taken a major shift. In the modern business environment, entrepreneurs are given the liberty to make wealth and to control their wealth in the corporate environment. The only government interference is based on the taxation basis. This has enabled private owned companies to rise to the limits of the state owned companies. For example, Electronics giant Hauwei has evidence of the growth in private owned companies. Private owned companies have been able to reach the standards of state owned organisation, a trend that has been promoted by liberal capitalism (Feenberg, pp.19). Liberal capitalism stops the government interference and manipulation in the business ventures. For instance, in Bulgaria a business person had to acquire seventeen business permits so th at he could start a business. Bulgarian prime minister was shocked by the events and ordered simplified mode of acquiring business permits (Kovel, pp.213). After the simplified business permit procedure was implemented, many investors and entrepreneurs ventured into the Bulgarian market. This not only promotes local entrepreneurship but also gives back to the growth of economy. In modern day business environm

Quality improvement and evolution over the last 10 years in United Essay

Quality improvement and evolution over the last 10 years in United Arab Emirates - Essay Example In addition, suppliers have also recognized that quality acts as a differentiating factor between what they offer and what their competitors offer (Knowles, 2012). In the last ten years, the quality differentiator in the UAE has reduced greatly between competing services and products with the maturation of Quality Management. Organizations in the UAE, as well as other countries in the Middle East, have raised their quality standards through various initiatives to meet customer demands and international standards. Three of the most widely used Quality Management tools include the ISO 9000 series, the Six Sigma, and the Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence, especially for organizations with American business connections like Sheikh Khalifa Medical City. By the, late 1990s, Quality Management had become a mainstay in most organizations and those in the UAE were not an exception. With the beginning of the 21st century, there was a maturity of the quality movement in the UAE, whic h saw evolution of new systems of quality beyond the foundations laid by early Oriental practitioners like Japan. One example of this maturation was the revision of the ISO 9000 series of international standards that increased client satisfaction emphasis (Knowles, 2012). The ISO 9001:2000 was integrated by UAE organizations to replace the earlier ISO 9003, ISO 9002, and ISO 9001. This version sought to centralize the process management process, while demanding the involvement of executive management in the integration of business systems quality. It also sought to ensure that quality functions were not delegated to junior managers. Performance-metrics was another goal of the improvement. Another improvement was made in 2008 with ISO 9001:2008, which clarified the requirements that were in existence (Knowles, 2012). The Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence has also matured in the UAE for organizations that run in partnership or are owned by US. This quality standard serves v arious purposes; including aiding organizations in assessing efforts ate quality improvement and identification of improvement opportunities, facilitating information sharing and communication, and as a tool for performance and quality management (Knowles, 2012). The standard’s integrated approach seeks to ensure that organizations deliver improving stakeholder and customer value, as well as improved capabilities and effectiveness of the organization. This quality standard added healthcare to original organization categories in 2005. Finally, the Six Sigma methodology is a quality standard whose main aim is to reduce defects and improve the bottom line. It uses data to achieve quality that is near-perfect and has evolved greatly in the last 20 years. In the last 10 years alone, it has matured to include consultancy, training, and implementation of the tool as a methodology, a metric, and a management system (Knowles, 2012). These quality initiative movements have had various successes with regards to their effectiveness. They allow organizations to strengthen their position competitively, while also offering the organizations adaptability to conditions in changing markets and regulations by the government, especially in the UAE where q number of organizations are foreign-owned. In addition, on top of increasing organizational productivity, they enhance the image of those that use them in the public eye,

Characteristics of Personal Mastery and Effective Team Learning Essay - 1

Characteristics of Personal Mastery and Effective Team Learning - Essay Example As the paper stresses learning organizations help all people to continuously expand their capacities to create results that they truly desire, and new and extensive ways of thinking are nourished, facilitates collective aspirations and constant learning to learn together. Thus, contemporary management believes that organizational learning is a multidimensional process, and is not possible through traditional one-way thinking. Personal mastery and team learning are two competencies that help employees to improve their awareness and realization of management tasks and decision making. This awareness and learning will further help managers to maximize the potential of their employees; to achieve optimum results; encourage employees to think creatively and analyse situations from different perspectives. From the report it is clear that the concept of personal mastery involves cultivation of personal impetus to continually learn how actions affect an individual’s external and internal world. Without an attempt to gain personal mastery, individuals will never realize the root cause of issues and problems that do not seem to have any solution; individuals tend to view these issues and problems as highly complex and intertwined and impossible to understand or resolve. Learning is the fundamental ground to personal mastery, which should eventually and continually lead to re-creating oneself. A continuous process of learning helps individuals to bring about a paradigm shift in their thinking and approach, and help in achieving goals that once seemed unachievable.

Analysis of the salient features of Beck’s cognitive theory Essay Example for Free

Analysis of the salient features of Beck’s cognitive theory Essay Beck’s cognitive theory assumes that most psychological problems arise from faulty thinking processes. The theory is centred on three factors that form what can be illustrated as a triad. Beck (1976) noted that the three factors that affect the human mind’s capabilities are thoughts, antecedent events and behavior (Figure 1). Figure 1: The foundation of Beck’s (1976) concept of the cognitive theory Source: Created from the description by Bandura (1976) A point worth noting is that these factors cannot act on their own as they do so in synergy with other factors. For instance, behavior is affected by the environment; thoughts are affected by the self (individual); and antecedent events are influenced by the current events. Beck’s cognitive theory perceives antecedent events, thoughts and behavior to be dynamic. In addition, according to (1998), each of the three constituents of the triad is capable of affecting others. However, Beck (1976) notes that in evaluating the triad, cognition or thoughts require more emphasis. This is because it is through thoughts that human beings are able to change their beliefs, attitudes, interpretation and perceptions in different instances. Moreover, thoughts or cognitive factors serve as a platform for filtering or appraising events. In line with this, if the human mind is biased towards one event at the expense of another, the thinking process would elicit some form of emotional and behavioral responses that would imply some problems in life. Therefore, according to this theory, the way human beings think could actually change the way they feel and behave. The cognitive theory serves as a way of understanding and treating depression due to the approach it takes in addressing the various faculties of the mind. In addition, since it highlights issues related to mental capabilities, it is appropriate for addressing mental health issues and other instances of disorders that arise due to depression or factors such as substance use. In postulating the theory, Beck was of the opinion that depressed people often have low opinion of themselves. Precisely, Beck suggested that depressed people believe that the world, their future, and they themselves were the causes of their depression. In addition, Beck (1998) noted that people might be faced with psychological difficulties due to occurrence of automatic thoughts, negative self-assessments and dysfunctional assumptions. Moreover, Beck connoted that automatic thoughts usually pave the way for emotions but occur considerably fast with the affected individual’s little awareness. As a result, such individuals do not view themselves with high esteem. As an example, people affected by stress may address themselves in considerably high critical tones; they also blame themselves for every mishap that befalls them. Beck’s theory and depression Beck (1987) noted that depressed people, apart from having a low opinion of themselves, also develop schemas in their minds such as â€Å"if many people hate me then I am worthless. † Nevertheless, such beliefs are usually primitive, overstated and rigid. It is worthy noting that the self schemas developed in the minds pf distressed people are usually stable but latent and only discernible when they are stimulated by social stressors (for instance when a person provokes the distressed individual) (Beck, 1987). Once the distressed person is provoked, the depressive diagram in the mind of the individual becomes activated by the stress of the event (provocation) and results into a two-fold consequence (Beck, 1976). The first effect is that the content of the distressed person becomes negative. This is characterized by a cognitive triad and the person develops negative beliefs about himself or herself, the world and the future (i. e. every aspect of the cognitive triad becomes negative). In the second phase, there is a systematic bias in the mind that characterized by distortion of information processing capability and being prone to committing errors. Although not all forms of depression are caused by stimulation of the self-schemas, Beck viewed the negative cognitive triad and negative processing of information as the intrinsic features of all depressions (Beck, 1987). The result of the negative schema is fear for all activities by the individual. This is in spite of the fact that some activities could be easily accomplished. For instance, a negative evaluation of self worth may be â€Å"I am unworthy, I just can’t do this†; and a negative evaluation of the world or daily events may be â€Å"Everything that happens to me is just enough evidence that my world is crumbling, this world does not need me. † On the other hand, a distressed person’s evaluation of the future may be â€Å"It seems that nothing will ever get better for me even in future. † From the above illustration, Becks Cognitive Model of Depression clearly shows how early experiences in life can lead to the development of dysfunctional beliefs, which in turn cause individuals to have negative self-views, which in turn result into depression (Beck, 1987).

Freud’s Structure of the Mind Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Pap

Freud’s Structure of the Mind At the age of 40 in 1896, Sigmund Freud introduced the world to a new term- psychoanalysis (Gay 1). Psychoanalysis is a method of treating patients with different nervous problems by involving them in dialogues which provide the physician with insight into the individual’s psyche. These dialogues provided the basis for Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, which â€Å"attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges† (Weiten 363). Part of this theory involves the structure of the mind. This is a concept that touches on human nature itself and attempts to explain the motives behind human behavior. Freud described the mind as a â€Å"tripartite model,† a construction consisting of three different elements (Internet Encyclopedia). The first element is the id, which operates exclusively on the unconscious level. Biological urges, such as the urge to eat, sleep and have sex, drive the id. The id demands that its urges be satisfied immediately. Wayne Weiten, author of Psychology: Themes and Variations, writes that â€Å"The id engages in primary-process thinking, which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented† (364). The second part of the mind is the ego, which operates on the subconscious and conscious levels. The ego is the element that â€Å"engages in secondary-process thinking, which is relatively rational, realistic, and oriented toward problem solving† (Weiten 364). The ego seeks to satisfy the id, but it also operates according to society’s rules, customs, and regulations of conduct and take... ...e is featured in either German of English. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/freud.htm#The%20Theory%20of%20the%20Unconscious This site provides a description of the tripartite model Freud developed of the mind. It gives a brief description of the elements of this construct and describes the way these elements interact. Finally, the site discusses the defense mechanisms Freud believed were employed to deal with these conflicting elements. Works Cited Gay, Peter. â€Å"Time 100 Polls- Psychoanalyst: Sigmund Freud.† Time.com. http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/freud.html Oct. 5, 2002. â€Å"Neuroses and the Structure of the Mind.† Internet Encyclopedia. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/freud.htm#The%20Theory%20of%20the%20Unconscious Oct. 5, 2002. Weiten, Wayne. Psychology: Themes and Variations. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Group, 2002.

UFOs Essay -- essays research papers

UFOs "Little Green Men", "Martians", "Outer Limits" ! That is what people think about when aliens and UFOs come to mind. Aliens have been around, as far as we can see, since 1561. The question is now asked, How come because they [UFOs] have been sighted, encountered, and taken hostage; Why have we been kept in the dark by our governments? "Since UFOs were considered a security risk, the report on these sightings was originally classified as secret (Kadrey 22)." The name 'flying saucer' was 'coined' by a Air Force pilot in 1947, when he stated that he had saw something that looked like a 'flying saucer'. "The government knew about UFOs and have been tracking them since 1947, which is to be believed when the 'Age of UFOs' started (Stacey 55). So, through the next pages the theory that UFOs are real because of evidence the government has covered up, the number of sightings, and the uncountable number of abductions, will become a reality. The first reason that is going to be addressed, is the secrecy and Government coverup of UFOs. "National Security Agency, or NSA, an acronym often assumed by insiders to mean 'NEVER SAY ANYTHING' , (Stacey 40) " has been blamed for millions of UFO governmental cover-ups around the nation. "Our problem is with government secrecy, because it widens the gap between citizens and the government, making it much more difficult to participate in the democratic process (Stacey 40)," says Steven Aftergood while addressing UFO secrecy. The UFO enigma, or as it is formerly know as the "'Cosmic Watergate' : the ongoing cover-up of the government's knowledge about extraterrestrial UFOs and their terrestrial activities (Stacey 36)" is believed to be started during the Nixon administration, which is still under alot of scrutiny. The Nixon Administration also established the Freedom of Information Act [FOIA] in the 1970s', it opened the door to alot of truth and more coverups. " I don't think they would do a 300-page report on everything they detect," says Joe Stefula who is a UFO researcher. The "military would far rather have people blame such things on flying saucers than them (Brookesmith 14). " Several secret UFO Projects ... ...ng taken back aboard the UFO and flown (with her car also aboard) back to the site of the abduction. (Brookesmith 108) " In conclusion, I believe that UFOs, Aliens, EBEs, or whatever you call them; do have the key to our future in the existence of mankind. Although, secret pacts with our governments may not exactly get what we want, we can fight back. Lets jump back for a second and ask ourselves a question now: What if we were in the same predicament, wouldn't we want ourselves to be healthy too, and take what we need? If we look at the aliens actions from their perspective, what they are doing is exactly what we are doing to ourselves by destroying the o- zone layer. So why can't they do the same to us? I feel that the thesis to prove the existence of UFOs as stated that Government coverups do pose a threat to the truth and national security of our country, UFO sightings and abductions do pose a threat at this time and we must be ready at all odds to expose the Government and The aliens. The End.

Demonstrate the persistence of Wordsworthian ideal of country folk Essay

Demonstrate the persistence of Wordsworthian ideal of country folk, childhood and natural education in the two texts that you have chosen. Critical Essay by Rachel Gowland. Wordsworth, as a poet of the romantic era, had several themes, which contribute to this title. This essay will be looking at these themes and discovering whether they have any relevance in the texts studied. These are, the Secret Garden and Goodnight Mr Tom. The preference for rural life and its people was at the height of fashion at the time of Wordsworth. Social reformers such as Rousseau talked about the â€Å"noble savage† and the rustic idyll was an accepted theme for artistes and poets alike. While the social revolutions may have changed by the time the texts were written, the ideals are still continued to some degree. Wordsworth had many sympathies with the victims and vagrants that wandered in the cities and the countryside. Many of his short poems were portraits of simple rural people, intended to illustrate the nature of these folk and their basic wisdom. Poems such as Michael (1880) have the characters almost fused with their natural surroundings. In Michael, patience and tenderness are the key features of the old man’s character. There is strength and a â€Å"natural affinity to the hills and fields in which he lived and worked.† 1 The Secret garden is almost a glorification of rustic folk and their simple way of life. Mary Lennox first encounters Martha, who gives her glimpses of a simple life quite alien to her. â€Å"There’s twelve of us an’ my father only gets sixteen shilling a week. I can tell you my mothers put to it to get porridge for ’em all. They tumble about on th’ moor an’ play there all day an’ mother says th’ air of th’ moor fattens ’em.† (Page 32) 2 Through Martha, she begins to emerge from her egotistical former self. She starts to think about others rather than herself. â€Å"Thank you. She said it stiffly because she was not used to thanking people or noticing that they did things for her† (Page 71) 2 Martha appears a particularly content and dignified individual, who takes pride in her work and her family. She treats Mary as an equal in many ways and is amazed by Mary’s colonial pride. Martha’s plain good sense is treated with respect throughout the book and her dialogues with Mary often bring about great changes in her young charge’s attitudes. â€Å"It was not the custom that Mistress Mary should do anything but stand and allow herself to be dressed like a doll, but before she was ready for breakfast, she began to suspect that her life at Missthlewaite Manor would end by teaching her a number of things quite new to her.† (Page 32) 2 Martha’s is described as an â€Å"untrained Yorkshire rustic† who was not trained to be subservient and had no notion that she should be. In this way she becomes an emboldened character, who helps Mary to grow through her plain sense. Martha was obviously trained well by her mother who also is a rustic woman. She is almost the guiding hand in the background, helping Mary, and later Colin, to transform. Her wisdom shines through Martha and Dickon and all the principles held in family life. Hers is the good mother, the mother earth in Wordsworth’s poems. The respect for her and her kind shines through in the text as it does in the poems, through the voice of the narrator. She is again a considered equal in the narrator’s eyes to all who she comes into contact with. This makes it possible for her to contact Colin’s father and speak to him about his charges. † I sent for you today because Mrs Sowerby said I ought to see you. † (Page 112) 2 The idea of simple sense and country wisdom is proved right in the text. It is the uneducated, untrained folk in the text who can see through the external ugliness of Mary and Colin’s characters to the beauty that lies beneath. And it is the country folk who unlock these children from their past to an almost redemption. This celebration of rural life and the people can also be seen in Good night Mr Tom. The events that occur in Will’s life in the city are overcome by the calm everyday life of the country and its folk. The main character in Wills life is Tom who exudes this country wisdom and good sense. Will takes to heart Tom’s thoughts when persevering with a new task like learning to ride a bicycle. He could hear his Dad’s words over and over again in his head. † Takes yer time, everythin’ ‘as its own time†. (Page 291) 3 Tom guides Will through his life events, helping him to come to terms with all that life throws at him. This is in marked contrast to the ideas of the psychologist, Mr Stelton, whom they both encounter in the hospital when Will is rescued. Tom’s ideas of healing through fresh air, hard work and simple country life are in conflict with the ideas of analysis and treatment. Even the appearance of Tom as a gruff, solid but warm-hearted individual is different to the description of Mr Stelton. â€Å"Tom was well into his sixties, a healthy robust, stockily built man with a head of thick white hair.† (Page 10) 3 In contrast to â€Å"The man was going bald and the hair that remained was of a thin texture. His skin was as white and shiny as a cloistered nun. He gave Tom a bland smile.† (Page 217) 3 The psychologist’s educated ideas appear foolish in response to Tom’s good sense. As in The Secret Garden the figures of authority and city education are made to look ignorant in response to the wisdom of characters such as Mrs Sowerby and Tom. The characters in the village of Little Weirworld are full of warmth and sincerity, with a genuine sense of community that includes everyone in their midst. Their simple pleasures and way of life helps them maintain a sense of calm dignity and practical sense, even in time of crisis. When Mrs Hartridge received a telegram, it was with care and concern that the villagers arranged for someone to be there when she received it. This contrasts sharply with the lack of interest shown by the people in the district where Will originally came from. â€Å"She keeps herself to herself. Bit of a madam. Thinks she’s a bleedin’ saint if you’ll excooth me languid. She does night shifts so I don’t never see her. I live next door yer see. Mind you, I don’t arf hear some funny noises. Very funny.† (Page 203) 3 Tom is ridiculed by the city folk for his accent and intention, but they appear very flippant and foolish when the full story is uncovered. â€Å"I’d like to git my hands on that women†, the warden growled furiously. His pride had been shaken badly. It was embarrassing to have them think he didn’t know his job.† (Page 207) 3 Again, it is the simple country folk in the text who can see through the external ugliness and weakness to the beauty that lies beneath. And it is the country folk who unlock Will from his past. Wordsworth and his contemporaries, viewed childhood as a time of great innocence and joy. A time when new experiences are welcomed and emotions and senses are at there most responsive There was a time when meadow, grove and stream The earth and every common sight, To me did seem Apparelled in celestial light, The glory and freshness of a dream. (Line 1-5) 4 They viewed the child as a redeemer of the adult with their innocence and freedom of mind and spirit. In the Secret Garden, the children can be seen to hold the key to all wisdom. Martha plays an important part in helping Mary to grow into a whole human being. â€Å"He wouldn’t like me.† Said Mary in her stiff, cold little way. No-one does.† Marta looked reflective again. â€Å"How does tha’ like thyself?† (Page 61) 2 In the same way Mary then passes on her newfound wisdom to Colin and they both look to Dickon to expand their experience. It is Dickon who becomes the real redeemer. He exudes healthy childhood wholesomeness. â€Å"A boy was sitting under a tree, with his back against it. He was a funny looking boy about twelve. He looked very clean and his nose turned up and his cheeks were as red as poppies and never had Mistress Mary seen such round and such blue eyes in any boys face.† (Page 92) 2 He makes Colin believe that he can get well and walk. His positive calm attitude clears the gloom from Colin’s mind and he begins to believe in himself. â€Å"When tha’ stops bein’ afraid tha’lt stand on ’em,† Dickon said with renewed cheer. â€Å"An’ tha’lt stop bein’ afraid in a bit.† (Page 206) 2 Once Mary and Colin finally learn to become children again they can then redeem Colin’s father. He begins to wonder whether he can have a relationship with his son but has many doubts. Colin changes this by becoming a positive character that is not afraid of the future or his health any more. In this way he heals himself and also his father. â€Å"It seemed actually like the laughter of young things, the uncontrollable laughter of children who were trying not to be heard.† (Page 272) 2 And â€Å"He said it all so like a healthy boy-his face flushed, his words tumbling over each other in his eagerness- that Mr Craven’s shook with unbelieving joy.† (Page 274) 2 The child as a redeemer can also be seen as a theme in Good Night Mr Tom. Will looks at Tom through the eyes of a child and as such does not see the gruff exterior that the villagers have seen for the forty years since his wife died. Will brings memories of his wife flooding back but with them comes healing. â€Å"Tom stood behind him and stared over his head into the shop. He remembered how Rachel used to spin with delight in there.† (Page 57) 3 Tom learns how to socialise again through necessity and becomes a member of the village community once more. Mrs Fletcher looked steadily into his eyes. His forehead had lost its old furrowed look. The deep pitted wrinkles had softened outwards. Behind his scowling manner was a kindly old man and if it hadn’t been for the arrival of a rather insipid little boy, she might never have known, nor might anyone else for that matter.† (Page134) 3 He responds emotionally to Will in ways that have been closed off for a long time. â€Å"He called me Dad,† he whispered croakily into the darkness. † He called me Dad.† And although he felt overwhelmed with happiness, the tears ran silently down his face. † (Page 288) 3 In the same way, Will has his own redeemer in the shape of Zach, who teaches him to like himself and believe in his own abilities. As Martha and Dickon, Zach is a positive thinker who believes anything is possible. Will had lived all his life with criticism and blame, and Zach and Tom gave him back his self-esteem. â€Å"Willie almost dropped the clod of earth he was holding. No one had ever said they liked him. He’d always accepted that no one did. Even his mum said she only liked him when he was quiet and still. For her to like him he had to make himself invisible.† (Page 77) 3 In this way both Mary Lennox and Will are similar, in that they have to learn to love themselves before they can be loved in return or learn to respond to others around them. It seems clear that the theme of natural education is persistent in both texts. In the Secret Garden there is a distinct lack of formal education in all the children encountered. Mary had a series of governesses but learnt by her own volition, because she chose too. Her education almost begins again when she reaches Misstlethwaite Manor. Through Martha and Dickon she learns how to explore, imagine and play. She begins to discover the simple pleasures of play. â€Å"The skipping rope was a wonderful thing. She counted and skipped, and skipped and counted, until her cheeks were quite red, and she was more interested than she had ever been since she was born.† (Page 71) 2 At first alone and then with Colin she explores the garden and her curiosity and thirst for knowledge begins. The awakening of the garden itself mirrors her awakening. They learn through this almost holistic approach, that through the garden and nature they become physically, socially and emotionally aware. Again it is Dickon who inspires them with his positiveness and his knowledge. Dickon, has little formal education but has a wealth of knowledge which appears to be much more useful than the facts leant in a classroom. He is a pure Wordsworthian invention. â€Å"Do you understand everything birds say?† said Mary. â€Å"I think I do and they think I do,† he said. â€Å"I’ve lived on th’ moor with ’em so long. I’ve watched ’em break shell an’ come out an’ fledge an’ learn to fly ‘an begin to sing, till I think I’m one of ’em.† (Page 95) 2 His mind is unfettered and unspoilt by a formal education, especially one that almost encourages passive learning i.e., the vessels to be filled approach, over active exploration and discovery. Mary and later Colin learn to become independent and active thinkers. â€Å"Colin saw it all, watching each change as it took place. Every morning he was brought out and every hour of each day when it didn’t rain he spent in the garden. He would lie on the grass â€Å"watching things growing,† he said. â€Å"If you watched long enough you could see the buds unsheathe themselves.† (Page221) 2 This positive attitude to learning and education can also be seen in Goodnight Mr Tom. Will has a formal education, but has to grow in spirit to progress in the mind. Again it’s the positiveness of the people and surroundings that help him to a new confidence. â€Å"We’ll begin this evening,† he said sharply. â€Å"That do?† â€Å"Wot?† â€Å"Learnin’ to read and write. I’ll teach you to write yer own name for a beginnin’.† (Page 102) 3 His times of growth and change correspond to when he is with nature. He makes friends and begins to learn how to interact whilst picking blackberries. He becomes more relaxed and confident whilst on holiday by the sea. Again there is this almost holistic approach as Will improves physically, mentally and emotionally. He is able to express himself through art and then acting as his confidence grows. Finally through nature and physical expenditure he is able to come to terms with the grief and loss in his life. In both texts the children are changed by the country folk around them and the ideals and life that they uphold. These rustic folk become educators and healers through their wisdom and plain good sense. The children bloom through a newfound confidence and most importantly an acceptance of oneself. Once this happens they can then consciously and unconsciously redeem the adults around them. In these ways the Wordsworthian ideals are prevalent throughout the texts. Bibliography ENGLISH ROMANTIC VERSE;PENGUIN BOOKS;1986. FROM BLAKE TO BYRON; BORIS FORD; PENGUIN BOOKS; 1982. THE SECRET GARDEN; FRANCES HODGESON BURNETT; PENGUIN CLASSICS; 1995. GOODNIGHT MR TOM; MICHELLE MAGORIAN; PUFFIN BOOKS; 1981. ROMANTIC CRITICAL ESSAYS; DAVID BROMWICH; CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS; 1987. BEYOND ROMANTICISM; ROUTLEDGE; 1992. LITERATURE, EDUCATION AND ROMANTICISM; ALLAN RICHARDSON; CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS; 1984.

 Learning experience : How someone could become afraid of the dentist Essay

There are many reasons someone could become afraid of going to the dentist. Majority of people become afraid of the dentist due to a bad experience they have encountered. Just to name a few: the dentist was a painful experience, the dentist made your teeth worse, etc. In my own experience, I was afraid of the dentist because of a horror film. At nine years old, my sister let me watch a horror movie called the dentist. It was about a mentally unstable dentist who tortures some of his patients. A year or so after I had seen this movie my mother surprisingly brings me to the dentist for the first time. As we were walking into the dental office I cannot help but to tremble and burst into tears because I could not stop thinking of the dentist from the movie. That day I only had my teeth cleaned and x-rays. My mother scheduled me to have cavities filled in the next month. My brother and sister taunted me by telling me scary stories about trips to the dental so the day I was scheduled to ge t my cavities filled. I decided to run away to the library and stayed there until closing. My mother had to reschedule my appointment for the following week. That time she made sure I went. Conditioning My conditioned stimuli were triggered by walking into the dental office my condition response was crying and trembling because I was afraid that the dentist would torture me, therefore, my unconditional stimuli were watching the dentist torture and kill his patients. My unconditional response was to be scared of all dentists and run away for a few hours so I would miss my appointment. Operant Learning My training experience could have occurred through operant conditioning since I did not quite understand that what you watch on television might not be real. If my mother had not forced me to go inside the dental office would still be petrified and I would have never gone to the dentist; my teeth would be in bad shape. Observational Learning The learned experience could occur through observational learning if my mom or anyone else I knew were scared of the dentist that would have also made  me afraid of the dentist because I would be observing their response to the dental. Another reason I might have been scared of going to the dentist was hearing my brother and sister tell me scary stories about how the dentist pulls your teeth out and you can feel every slight of pain. Reinforcement My mother dragging me into the dental office is where reinforcement was experienced. When my mother gave me no other choice except to get my teeth clean I then realize that the dentist was not so bad.

Homework on essay Essay

1. What is the new concept of education? For more than decades now, our constant contact with the Americans transformed us and led us to the evolution of our public schools and democratic institutions which then, in turn, developed in us our national consciousness in strength and in solidarity. It gave rise to a new concept of education which is deemed as the training of an individual for the duties and privileges of a citizen not only for his own happiness and efficiency, but also for his contribution to the national sphere at large. As the State’s primary responsibility is to provide for the education of every member of the society, it follows that an educated Filipino must possess three characteristics as enumerated by Francisco Benitez in his essay â€Å"What is an Educated Filipino? † 2. According to the author, what is the first quality should distinguish the educated Filipino? First is the power to do which embraces not only the ability of the Filipinos to produce material goods but also the valuable services rendered to society through institutions such as the home, the school, the church and the government. This is best exemplified by a mother who takes good care of her family. 3. What should be the second quality of an educated Filipino? Second, a Filipino is one who is distinguished not only by one’s knowledge of the world’s progress but also and more importantly by one’s understanding of one’s race, people and country – the ideals and morals that are cherished herein. How can a Filipino claim to call himself educated when he has conquered the world yet he is ignorant of his own culture and origin? 4. What should be the third quality of an educated Filipino? The third is that the educated Filipino is one who is deep-rooted in one’s speech and conduct. One must put into practice those elements recognized as concomitant to culture and morality. Hence, one makes use of such elements for one’s growth as an individual and for a nation’s development as a whole. 5. Which of the three qualities do you consider the most important? The third quality, because the Filipino must have ingrained in his speech and conduct those elements that are everywhere recognized as accompaniments of culture andmorality, so that, possessing the capacity for self-entertainment and study, he may not be at the mercy of the pleasure of the senses or a burden to himself when alone. 6. What are the other qualities would you like to add for the betterment of the Filipinos today?

History- World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

History- World War I - Essay Example From the many quantifiable losses of WWI we consider further some of the major impacts of the war as far as the civilian populace is concerned. First, the war created a major social and moral blow upon the society resulting to social disorders (Bourne, â€Å"Total War,† par. 62). Most of the European states involved in the war like Russia, Germany, and Italy experience social chaos. Political leaders are finding reasons for their failures and created oppositions from various sectors. The weak governments that were created after the war invited new ideologies to come out. The leaders and the populace are looking for identity which leads to the rise of ideologists that created totalitarian regimes in their desperate moves to control society and return the country to order. The rise of Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin are proof to this argument. The effects could have lasted if not for the eruption of another war as the consequence and the end to major autocratic regimes. The wars t hat erupted changed the perspective of the people against the use of power to resolve conflict and this effect lasted until now where the general public favors diplomatic resolutions against violence. These facilitated the birth of International Peace Organizations like the League of Nations, predecessor of the United Nations in the worlds attempt to control global order (Townshend, â€Å"The League of Nations.† Par. 1) The emotional trauma was equally important aftermath of WWI. This trauma is brought by deaths of fathers, mothers, sons, daughters, relatives and friends. However, the effects vanished or reduced in intensity as years passed as new generations replaced those who were directly involved in the war. But war memorials, which still stand until this time, served as reminders to mankind of the consequence of his actions. In the economic side, some countries gained while others losses. Much of Europe became economically burdened due to the cost of war including

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Islam - Essay Example This we have learned from our Prophet, Mohammed. The method of ablution is specified by the Prophets mannerisms. Much of the Sunnah has been collected in Traditions of the Prophet known as Hadith. Not all Hadith are considered canon however, and the study of Hadith is a system of knowledge in unto itself. These understandings are the cornerstone of Islamic Life even in America. Islamic architecture is used in today's homes and mosques and work places. Perhaps most notable are the domed roofs of nearly all government centers. From county court houses to state capitols to the congress, the dome is a symbol of Islamic tradition as barrowed from enlightened Europeans. It is known that fraternal organizations concentrated on the formation of a liberated America. These organizations often draw from ancient symbols of the near east, one of which is the domed architecture. As a revival of such methods promulgate, we see more and more domes and minarets in America - sign Muslim communities are returning to traditional Islamic architecture. How much of what we know of modern society may be traced back to the advent of Islamic society Bin Fadlan an 11 century Persian scholar recounted something of the state to which Europe had fallen following the collapse of the Roman Empire. Barbarian tribes had overrun Europe and society had fallen into the violent disarray of feudal fiefs. Common people suffered and ignorance reigned.

Falsfication of medical records Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Falsfication of medical records - Assignment Example Falsifying patient’s medical records is a case of negligence and it can result in the deterioration of a patient’s health and in some cases the death of the patients. Lundstrom further explains that there are cases where costly medical law suits drive hospital administrators to recreate medical records. This serves as a desperate measure to cover up their neglectful care (Lundstrom, 2013). Lundstrom looks at the various patterns in falsification of medical records. Dressenhaul and Peabody (2002) explain that recording false positives leads to overestimation of the quality care in critical areas such as physical examination. According to Lundstrom, medical practitioners falsify medical records to cover up neglect or unprofessional acts that result in the death of a patient. In such cases, the nursing home administrators rewrite the records to minimize liability. There are other cases where staff members fill in blank patient charts without confirming whether treatment ha s taken place and there has been accuracy of the information. The pharmacy department also experiences cases of medical record falsification when medications are cleared off from the pharmacy, but later discrepancies in the pharmacy records are reported or boxes of medication are found unopened. There are other cases where nurses falsify consent forms to enable them to sedate patients. In some cases, nursing home staff alter dates in medical records to cover up acts of negligence during an audit (Lundstrom, 2013). Pozgar (2009) points out that falsifying of medical records is a professional misconduct. Patients expect from health practitioners to keep accurate and adequate records that show their medical history. Accurate and adequate medical records facilitate effective communication of health requirements between practitioners and patients. Inaccurate documentation jeopardizes a patient’s health. Falsified documents shatter a practitioner’s credibility (Pozgar, 2009) . According to Pozgar, a health practitioner has a duty towards the patient to maintain the accuracy, truth, integrity and reliability of the medical records. Pozgar explains that inaccurate, misleading or false information in a medical record prejudices the patients care. When a practitioner falsifies a patient’s medical information for his own interests, it is regarded as a gross medical malpractice for this endangers the patients’ health. Daniels (2004) explains that falsifying of medical records constitutes unprofessional conduct. Falsifying medical records is a breach of duty. Such negligence by medical practitioners goes against professional ethics. Medical record falsification can cost a health practitioner their license to practice (Daniels, 2004). Falsification of medical documents goes against certain principles in nursing practice. Whitehead, Weiss, and Tappen describe the principle of nonmaleficence, which requires that a nurse should not do any harm either deliberately or unintentionally to a patient. The principle requires that nurses protect patients, especially those who are unable to protect themselves, like mentally challenged patients or physically challenges patients. Falsifying medical documents endangers a patient’s health (Whitehead, Weiss and Tappen, 2007). Medical records falsification breaches the principle of fidelity that requires nurses to fulfil their responsibilities as nursing practices state. Nurses

Treadway Tire Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Treadway Tire Company - Case Study Example This high level of dissatisfaction by the line-foreman segment was being manifested through an increased trend of employee turnover. In 2007 alone 23 line-foremen left the Lima plant both voluntarily and involuntarily. This high turnover has negatively implications on the plant’s productivity and cost. It prevents the Lima tire plant from realizing its potential of being Treadway’s lowest cost producer and number one plant for productivity in North America. Four elements of the work system that contribute towards the problems at Treadway are: (1) inadequate training and development for new hires; (2) poor communication from upper management; (3) a poor organizational and/or power structure; and (4) a performance review system. From the case it is clear that for one to effectively perform the duty of a line foremac one needed skills in areas such as understanding union contracts, employee and production scheduling, pay and so on. However, at Treadway’s Lima plant new line foremen received only informal training, which was conducted at the discretion of the general supervisor and area manager (Skinner and Beckham 5). This situation is aggravated by the poor or limited communication between upper management and line-foremen segment. In such a scenario it would not be far-fetched to expect the quality of this informal training to be inadequate. The line foremen were expected to take charge of the hourly employees and were held responsible over the hourly-employees’ actions yet they lacked the authority needed to do so. This reflects a poor power structure – which reflects poor organizational structure. In a good organizational structure the person who bears responsibility has to be given the authority to perform whatever needs to be done with regards to that responsibility. This in a way made line-foremen to be undermined by their charges. Lastly, we are informed that in order to get a good review, line foremen were expected to meet targets without

What is Covenant in the Old Testament sense Research Paper

What is Covenant in the Old Testament sense - Research Paper Example These include Abraham, Noah and Adam among many others. A covenant formed an important component of the biblical history and modern day theology. The flow of the biblical covenants includes (Mason 177): First of all, God made a covenant with His Son regarding the elect before the creation of the universe and consisted of the Father promising to bring to His Son all the people the Father had given Him (John 17: 9-24 ; 6:39). Manifestation of the covenant occurred in the world through the sequence of additional covenants between God and individuals. These include Adam (Gen 2: 15-17), Abraham (Gen 17), Noah (Gen 9:12-16), Mt Sinai covenant with Israelites (Ex 34:28), David (Sam 7:12-16) and New covenant believers (Jer 31:31-37). All the additional covenants involved the ‘Covenant of Grace’ when God establishes covenants with His elect with the promise of salvation through Faith in Jesus Christ (Mason 178). According to some theologians, there is only one covenant referred as the covenant of redemption within which all other covenants originate. This involved the agreement between the Father and the Son that gave the Son as Redeemer and head of the elect. As a result, the Son took the place assigned by the Father voluntarily. This formed a twofold assurance of Son as a guarantee and surety to fulfil the requirements of God’s laws. ... Covenant in Hebrew depicted the development of God’s covenant ranging from the time of creation to the time of the new covenant. In Arabic, covenant involved the contract binding humanity and God. The concept of covenant provides a distinctive and unique fellowship with God. This fellowship depends on legal covenant, and this implies the existence of dependable and stable element in Old Testament religion (McAleese 237). Concepts of Covenant Faith inspiring Fellowship The covenant concept gave the Old Testament people a mighty anchor for their faith. This allowed them a vantage ground with their God where God remained obligated to them through the covenant. He remained to be their God, and they become His people. For instance, this covenant background enabled Jacob cling to the angel until He blessed him. This covenant required people turn away from their sins after which they could claim God’s favour (Wood 133). Exclusive Fellowship The covenant established exclusive f ellowship between Hebrews and God. Hebrews remained as His chosen people, and He remained Yahweh their God. The covenantal idea formed a background for the Jewish religion, and it demanded exclusive loyalty to preclude the possibility of multiple loyalties in other religions. The illustration of loyalty to God took place through marriages, where Hosea, Ezekiel, and Jeremiah charged Israelites against adultery. The expression of God as being their God and them being His people comprised of the legal formula taken from marriage sphere and attested through legal documents from Ancient Near east (Hosea 2:4). This explains why prophets such as Isaiah frowned on alliance made by Israelites with their neighbours (Wood 133). Douglas Stuart Guidelines on Old Testament