Difficult Emotion Process

My friend and her boyfriend broke up months ago and I also got affected with the break-up because I’ve also become friends with the ex-boyfriend. My friend has started to see other guys and the ex-boyfriend is seeing other girls too. The thing is, the ex-boyfriend, although he is dating with other girls, isn’t over my friend yet and he is using me as his bridge to his ex-girlfriend. That is fine with me. My role would be to update the ex-boyfriend with how the girl is doing.As a friend, I had become a confidante of the girl and she would tell me all so I know that the girl is really over her ex-boyfriend and has started to like the guy he met in one of her Chemistry class. Then, being a friend of the ex-boyfriend, I have learned that he constantly thinks of my friend and still hoping that they could come to reconciliation and eventually get back together. I thought that the ex-boyfriend should know that there won’t be a second chance between them. I have already given him the idea and then, he wanted me to tell everything about what I know of his ex and the current of his ex.I did and this made him confront the ex-girlfriend. Now, my friend is upset at me. Part of me felt guilty and the other makes me think that I shouldn’t for I am just being a friend to both of them. 2. I’ve thought about our friendship and I felt horrible of how it is right now. I felt it’s shouldn’t how friendships should end and I’ve thought friendships shouldn’t be ruined like that. Being in the same school, we can avoid passing each other but we can’t avoid seeing each other. On our free time, I asked her if she wanted to talk and she said yes.Maybe, she felt the same as I did and maybe, she also wanted to talk about it. I think she misses me too! I told her that I regret not having to explain to her right away and that we ended not talking to each other. I explained to her that I felt guilty about having to disclose h er dating with another guy to her ex-boyfriend, but, I think as a friend to her ex, I should help him move on and by telling him about her new guy this would make him think. I also told her that I think she should also tell this to his ex so the ex could start moving on.I said that when she got upset, I also felt the same towards her because I couldn’t understand why she would feel like that and I couldn’t sleep thinking of what she is thinking about me. I said that I also had second thoughts of telling it all to the ex. I also told her that I felt I do not deserve the cold treatment I’ve been receiving from her for days because I think I did the right thing to help the ex and that will not do her any harm and that there is no point of keeping the dating in secret from her ex.And if she felt that I’m not supposed to befriend the ex, it isn’t right. I told her that I wanted to get things back the way it was before all those things happened. 3. Iâ₠¬â„¢ve had confrontations before and every time it is so difficult to go through. I watched her reactions and I saw that she is also saddened. She was listening intently. When it came to the part where I told her of how I do not deserve her kind of treatment, she covered her face and started to cry, but she kept on listening. I think I did all the talking at our conversation.She was so quiet. It was really awkward. I thought, at that moment, I was hurting her. Just to end the silence, I asked her if she wanted to buy a soda. She turned to me and said she missed me. I don’t know if things between us is really okay right now, but maybe it would. I hope it would. Maybe later we could try fixing things. I think what’s important is that we start talking to each other again. Later, I would try to talk her through trusting each other again. 4. The skill was useful, although I wasn’t perfectly sure if I followed it all.But it reminded me of many points that would help m e and it did help me. The timing was perfect, I wasn’t telling any non-sense that could have hurt her more. I think it helped me make my friend understand how I felt. I was so cautious with my words and because I know her well, I know which words could hurt her and which won’t and how I should tell her. I just know how she would take things based on how it is being delivered to her. I didn’t get much response from her at that time, but, later, she’ll talk.

Does the first Amendment affect your livelihood? Essay

Does the first Amendment affect your livelihood? Hmmm†¦I’m not sure†¦Is water wet? Is the grass green? Do skittles come in different colors? Do we even really need to ask? Of course it does†¦.The first Amendment is important for a lot of reasons, one being that it allows us to show our individuality and uniqueness. If we weren’t allowed to express ourselves, be it in writing dancing, comedy, and many other ways, then our individuality and uniqueness would never be seen. We might as well be mindless drones. We all need rights to live our lives the way we want. We could just go through life following whatever everyone else tells us to do, conform to what is the white-dominated government, or we can take a stand to protest our rights with the freedom of peaceably to assemble. This is what the African Americans did only a couple of decades ago, and if they hadn’t then the world we live in now would be completely different. I (being Asian) wouldn’t be going to the same school as my friend (which is white). They would separate us and discriminate again me; because I would be considered â€Å"colored†. Now that’s different I can be friends with whom ever I want, all because of the first Amendment. Without it if something bad was going on around you, you wouldn’t be able to do anything about it. Another reason why the first Amendment is important is because of the freedom of speech. Without freedom of speech we wouldn’t be able to express out feelings. And also I wouldn’t be here writing about it by now. Some might think that’s a good thing, but think of the alternative†¦if there was no first amendment I would be the person I am today, I would of never learned to interpret the world the way I wanted to, and analyze facts and data of everyday life the way I see fits. I personally, talk out of terms in many situations and say stuff that shouldn’t be said, but for my benefit the fact that I can say the stuff and not be put in jail for it is a good thing. I mean I could go around saying I hate the president if I wanted to and it would have been ok (by the way I in fact do believe the president is a complete fool but that’s beside the point). Just like the people do in shows like MAD and Saturday Night Live. And if they were ban then you know MTV and VH1 would be the next to go. Imagine a world where Tupac and Biggie never existed. They were inspiration to many people of today. Their songs and what they wrote about touched a lot of people, it would be terrible if there was a law preventing them from doing their thing. And freedom of speech goes along with freedom of the press. Where the media choose what they want to say and how they do it. We need the media to determine many things and the media gives us an insight on what’s happening around the world and allows us to put our own view on it. Also without freedom of the press we would have never gotten to read Huckleberry Finn. That book was very controversial and it was also banned from many libraries and school, but last year we still were allowed to read it and it has broaden our views on many subjects. Another right that the first amendment gives us is the freedom of religion. This particular right affects me very personally, because I have chosen not to have a religion. But even if I wanted to have one I could pick the one I choose and not have to stick with whatever was told to choose. Anyways, if I were to be told what my religion was odds are it would be Christianity, because most people in America is Christian. You see Christianity everywhere, even in our holidays! Christmas will never look the same again (doesn’t really matter though, I’m in it for the presents, as are most children). Above all in that particular religion you have to believe in God and the whole thing about Jesus, so that would be a problem considering I don’t believe in god. Now people may say that it doesn’t matter, they don’t watch TV anyways who cares. Or it’s not like the read the paper, so it doesn’t matter. And they don’t listen to music, never petitioned against anything, and blah blah blah†¦.They don’t realize that they are taking their rights for granted. What if that day comes where you need to speak out for yourself and you  can’t because there’s a law preventing it, what then I would just like to end this by saying without freedom of right we would not be able to live in this world. The conditions that would be the effects of no freedom would be unbearable. The first amendment affects our live in more ways than you think.

Advanced Practicing Nursing and Approaches to Measuring the Performanc Term Paper

Advanced Practicing Nursing and Approaches to Measuring the Performance of APNs Advanced Practicing Nursing Advanced Practicing Nursing Introduction Advance Practice Nurses (APNs) are obliged to perform various activities within a health institution after having completed advance training. APNs include nurse practitioners and nurse specialists. Other nurses who are under APNs include mid-wives and anesthetists. All of the APNs nurses are entitled to offer direct patient care. This means that they have the obligation of providing education and consultation to patients. They are also required to offer clinical leadership and in some cases conduct research in their respective areas of operations. This paper provides information that establishes the value of APNs in the medical fraternity. Reasons for measuring performance of APNs One of the main significant reasons for measuring performance of APNs is because there have been change in response to various circumstances and activities entitled to be performed by these nurses (Brook & Rushforth, 2011). These changes have occurred because of advancement in core skills, scopes of practice and professional boundaries associated with APNs (Brook & Rushforth, 2011). The other main reason for measuring performance of APNs is that there is a growing consensus that many of the APNs are embracing other roles and obligations like management and leadership (Brook & Rushforth, 2011). This means that in order to make sure that they can be able to carryout these roles within the recommended and outlined ways, there is a need to measure their performance. Another significant reason for measuring the performance of APNs is that they are referred to be distinct in the medical fraternity because of their hybrid and quasi-medical practice (Brook & Rushforth, 2011). This means tha t APNs are obliged to carryout various crucial and autonomous medical operations. In order to be able to perform all these demanding activities there is need to measure their performance with the aim and primary purpose being public protection (Brook & Rushforth, 2011). Approaches to measuring performance of APNs Kleinpell (2003) indicates that there is a need for measuring the outcome of APNs. In order to measure the performance of APNs in an effectively way, Kleinpell (2003) provides the best approaches that ought to be employed. Some of these approaches include physiological. On physiological approach, some of the recommended area to measure includes heart rate and weight (Kleinpell, 2003). The other approach is psychosocial. Areas that ought to be given the first priority in this approach include attitude and mood. Moreover, there is also the need to consider behavioral approach (Kleinpell, 2003). This entails measuring compliance and motivational of APNs. Other approaches include functional where activities of daily life can be measured and knowledge where the medical knowhow can also be measured (Kleinpell, 2003). Establishing the Value of Advanced Practice Nursing APN offer significant contribution in the medical fraternity through conducting various roles that in most cases require special attention and extensive medical practice knowledge. Some of the established value and role of APN include providing response to the increased medicals specialization (Furlong & Smith, 2005). APNs also assist in providing response to the inaccessibility of medical care. Moreover, APNs are expert in clinical practice and therefore, they can be able to enact various obligations in health institutions. They are also employed with ethical decision-making skills that tend to be of significant importance in the medical fraternity (Furlong & Smith, 2005). Conclusion The above information indicates that APNs are of significant importance in health institutions as they contribute much in giving the recommended help to patients. Moreover, apart from taking care of the patients, APNs are equipped with other skills as explained above that assists them in providing help to a wide scope of areas. This means APNs can serve the patients, other staff members in health institutions and the public. Reference Brook, S., & Rushforth, H. (2011). Why is the regulation of advanced practice essential?. British Journal Of Nursing (BJN), 20(16), 996-1000. https://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&hid=116&sid=87df2816-02fe-4803-bfc4-d7d964729bdc%40sessionmgr13 Furlong, E., & Smith, R. (2005). Advanced nursing practice: policy, education and role development. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 14(9), 1059-1066. https://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&hid=120&sid=87df2816-02fe-4803-bfc4-d7d964729bdc%40sessionmgr13. Kleinpell, R. M. (2003). Measuring Advanced Practice Nursing Outcomes: Strategies and Resources. Critical Care Nurse, 236-10. https://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&hid=5&sid=87df2816-02fe-4803-bfc4-d7d964729bdc%40sessionmgr13

Digital Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Digital Security - Essay Example Digital security devices include secure personal devices such as SIM cards, smart-card based USB tokens, e-passports, secure chips in contactless payment cards, and they give an individual the freedom to shop, communicate, travel, work and bank using his or her digital identity in a manner that is enjoyable, convenient and secure. Therefore, digital security is of utmost important since a lot of information is available on the various digital platforms. Some is personal or private information and some is extremely sensitive information. Therefore, any person or firm needs to put in place security measures that ensure that the security of systems is not breached. This paper examines computer security principles, cryptology and its associated applications and secure software engineering. Computer Security Principles There are many methods and approaches that are used to secure computer systems. However, specific intrinsic expectations have to be met regardless of whether the system is large or small, or is owned by a private organization of by a government. Therefore, there exists generally accepted system security. These principles usually address computer security from an extremely high-level point, and are to be applied when developing computer security policy and programs, and in the creation of new systems, policies and practices (Guttman & Swanson, 1996). Thus, practices encompass broad areas such as accountability, integration and cost-effectiveness. Principles differ from practices in the sense that the latter guides organizations on the types of objectives, procedures and controls that constitute an effective computer security program. Principle 1: Computer Security Supports the Organization’s Mission The aim of computer security is to protect the valuable resources of an organization. These include software, hardware and information. By selecting and applying adequate safeguards, computer security supports a firm’s mission by protecting it s financial and physical resources, legal position, reputation, employees and other intangible and tangible assets (NIST, 1995). Sometimes security can be viewed as a nuisance due to the rules and procedures that are imposed on systems, users and managers. However, well-chosen security procedures and rules are there to protect significant assets as well as support the overall mission of the firm. As such, security should be viewed as a means to an end, and not an end in itself. Take an example of a private business. Usually, making profit is primary while good security is secondary. Therefore, security should be able to support this primary goal of making profit. Principle 2: Computer Security is an Integral Element of Sound Management Information and computer systems are crucial assets that support an organization’s mission. Protecting these systems is as important as the protection of other organizational resources such as employees, physical assets and money. It should be observed that the inclusion of security considerations in managing computers and information does not totally eradicate the possibility that the assets might be harmed. According to Hayden & Feringa (2004), this is why the managers of an organization have to decide the level of risk that they are ready to accept, taking into the account the costs associated with security controls. When a firm’

Contract Law and Tort Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contract Law and Tort Law - Case Study Example In the meantime, Peter wandered over to the duck pond, where a notice which said "Take Care! The edge of this pond is slippery", was displayed. Peter deciding to feed the ducks went right to the edge of the pond and fell in. Nicholas, who saw this, jumped in and pulled Peter out. Both were hospitalized and Peter was only bruised but Nicholas having swallowed the pond water developed a serious stomach ailment. Meanwhile, Martin an 18 year old detainee who had just been released from the Young Offenders' Institution fell into a trench and broke his leg, while trying to steal the parked cars. In order to advise the parties with regard to their rights and liabilities recourse will be taken to liability for breach of contract under the Contracts Act, other liabilities arising through torts, Unfair Consumer Terms Act 1977 or UCTA, Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, etc. Edmund, one of the pupils of the school, ran into the caf for lunch and tripped over the material being used for flooring purposes, hurt his head and consequently, became unconscious. In this regard it has to be considered whether the premises owner can evade his liability by relying on exclusion clauses. A contract is an agreement giving rise to obligations which are enforced or recognised by law. The factor which distinguishes contractual from other legal rights is that they are based on the agreement of the contracting parties. It is important to bear in mind that every breach of a contract allows the plaintiff a remedy at law. It is the bounden duty of the owner of the adventure playground "Thrills and Spells" to keep the premises safe and secure. The Statute sets out that no contract term can exclude or limit liability in any way for negligently causing death or injury1. Furthermore, if there is other loss or damage, liability for negligence cannot be excluded or restricted if the term of notice is unreasonable. In addition, if a contract term or notice efforts to exclude or restrict liability for negligence, agreement to or awareness of this is not of itself to be taken as indicative of the voluntary acceptance of any risk2. In Olley v Marlborough Court, The plaintiff booked in for a week's stay at the defendants' hotel. A stranger gained access to her room and stole her mink coat. There was a notice on the back of the bedroom door which stated that "the proprietors will not hold themselves responsible for articles lost or stolen unless handed over to the manageress for safe custody." The Court of Appeal held that the notice was not incorporated in the contract between the proprietors and the guest. The contract was made in the hall of the hotel before the plaintiff entered her bedroom and before she had an opportunity to see the notice3. Accordingly, damages were suitably awarded to the plaintiff. In our present case also, the notice was noticed by Potter only after he had received the tickets for entering the adventure playground. Hence, it cannot be construed that the exclusion clause was incorporated into the contract. In Thornton & Shoe Lane Parking Ltd, it was held that if the car is damaged by the negligence of the parking company, it will be liable despite the exclusion clause. Further it was stated by Lord Denning J in his observations in this case that Thornton was not aware of the conditions printed on the reverse of the ticket. He further opined that an exclusion clause to be valid has to be brought to

Colour theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colour theory - Essay Example RGB colour model is a colour that is based on light. These three colours are the three primary colours with green replacing the colour yellow. When the three colours are combined, then it becomes possible to produce any other colour. This colour model is only used with source of light and does not apply to printing (Albers 2006). CMYK colour model is the colour method that is based on pigments. The initials stand for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black. K stands for black. When the four colours are used, it becomes possible to achieve other colours. CMYK model cannot reproduce the same amount of colour as the RGB colour model. This is the reason why when printed yellow-green at times appears slightly muddy. This is the method employed by printers the world over. It is also an intelligent way or mixing paints (Albers 2006). Colour space is a helpful conceptual tool for comprehending the capabilities of colour of a digital file or device. Thus, when one is trying to make a reproduction of colour on another device, the colour spaces reveal whether one will manage to retain the highlight or shadow detail, the saturation of colour as well as, by how much wither of the two will be compromised. The process of keeping colour consistency in digital photography runs from the minute one takes a photo, uploads it to the computer, converting the same to jpegs and printing it using a variety of output technology. The process of editing an image involves the existing profile of the image. This is what is referred to as a working colour space.

Discounted and non-discounted cash flow techniques Essay

Discounted and non-discounted cash flow techniques - Essay Example This report aims at appraising four different projects on the basis of both discounted and non-discounted cash flow techniques. After the relevant computations, one project will be advised to be acceptedThis report also highlights the projects appraisal techniques in detail such that every technique will be discussed and its strengths and weaknesses will be elaborated. One by one every project will be considered for appraisal and its relevant computations will be provided in the appendix. The decision as to which project is to be accepted lies basically on two broader grounds namely as financial and non-financial. Here the financial grounds are discussed such that financial grounds itself can be bifurcated on two basis which are discounted cash flow techniques and non-discounted cash flow techniques. The discounted cash flow techniques have both the absolute and relative techniques. The most popular absolute technique is Net Present Value (NPV) technique which has also been used in t his current analysis. The relative discounted cash flow techniques may have various forms in which the famous ones are Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Profitability Index (PI). On the other hand, the non-discounted cash flow techniques consist of Payback Period, Urgency and Accounting Rate of Return (ARR). Discounted Cash Flow Techniques In this particular analysis, NPV, IRR and PI are used as discounted cash flow techniques to appraise the project whereas only Payback is used as non-discounted cash flow technique as other techniques cannot be used because the non-availability of the relevant data. The following discussion contains detailed explanation of discounted cash flow techniques. Net Present Value Net Present Value technique is the most famous project appraisal technique such that it explains the benefits of the project in an absolute financial sense. This technique provides an absolute figure as how much the project would earn given in its project life. This technique wor ks on the basis of discounting such that cash out flows and flows are discounted through an appropriate discount rate which is generally the weighted average cost of capital. In the way, the present value of all cash outflows and inflows are computed and then all the present values are summed up to obtain the Net Present Value of the project. Strengths The strength of this technique is that it provides an absolute amount which reflects the overall benefits that the project can provide now. This technique is also quite simple to calculate and quite easy to understand. Weaknesses The weaknesses include that the NPV of a particular project can exactly be equal to another project but both the projects may have significant differences in the magnitude of the cash flows. Another weakness of the technique is that it is based on the future expectations such that cash flows are projected with judgment. In case if the economic and financial situation changes, then the actual results may vary significantly from the estimates NPV. Comprehensive financial knowledge is also required to compute the NPV especially in those projects where tax implications have the key impact upon the generation of cash flows. Internal Rate of Return This discounted cash flow technique is also quite popular among the financial analyst such that it works on the basis of NPV. Internal Rate of Return is that rate at which the Net Present Value of a project becomes zero. This means that if the IRR is used as a discount rate instead of WACC which can produce a nil NPV. Hence if IRR exceeds than WACC, then the project can produce positive NPV. However, if IRR remains lower than WACC then NPV would also remain in a negative zone. Strengths The biggest strength of IRR is that it is a relative measure and a comparable one. It is also easier to understand the logic that works behind it. The interpretation of IRR is quite easy and this technique is also quite consistent with the objective of maximizing th e wealth of shareholders. Weaknesses There are many drawbacks of this

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Journal - Essay Example As an initial matter, being in a multiple mixed-culture country exposes one to a variety of ideas and perspectives. This is because there are layers upon layers of cultural variants. You cannot even speak of Korean-Americans as a totally homogenous group because there are different generations of Korean-Americans. For example, a second generation Korean American is likely to view Korean and American values and traditions differently than a second-generation Korean American. You may ask questions about the Korean War or the current conflict between North Korea and South Korea and receive different answers or different philosophical or theoretical approached to the issue being discussed. Some Americans may not even know about the Korean conflict; in the culturally mixed context, however, there are always some people with knowledge or first hand experience. In America, for example, there are former Russians from the Soviet Union, there are Vietnamese who were military leaders during the war, there are Jews who survived the Holocaust, and there are people with nearly every conceivable experience in our world. In a very real way, by having such a diverse population, it is very much like having a human encyclopedia within America's national boundaries. There is an additional benefit not offered in culturally homogenous countries; more specifically, people can actually immerse themselves in different cultural settings and traditions without having to travel abroad. In America, for example, there are many parts of the country where certain cultural traditions have manifested themselves physically in the form of towns or regions. In San Francisco, you can visit Chinatown or Little Italy. In Los Angeles there is an officially recognized Thai Town. All over the country there are places where cultural traditions are proudly displayed. A person wishing to experience some of the Chinese culture, for instance, does not necessarily need to fly to China. You can visit a Chinatown, whether in San Francisco or New York, and have a similar experience. Many of the people will be speaking Chinese, shops are operated in much the same way as in China, and the Chinese language and symbols are to be seen everywhere. There was a famous Hollywood movie, the title which I cannot recall, where a Chinese-American told a policeman "this is not Brooklyn. This is not even New York. This is Chinatown." The point is that the multiple mixed-race countries offer people to immerse themselves to some extant and therefore learn about and from other cultures. One weekend might be celebrating the Chinese New Year and another spent experiencing a traditional Catholic mass in Little Italy. It is very much like having many countries in one. Finally, it is fascinating to observe and learn how people from different backgrounds, be they racial or religious, can co-exist in furtherance of a common good. It would be inaccurate to suggest that all races co-exist harmoniously. This is simply not the case; nonetheless, it is amazing to see how well the majority of people get along well

Technical Architecture and Why Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technical Architecture and Why - Assignment Example A distributed retailer is highly efficient because it does not rely on a hub site to provide most if not all of the services it needs. Moreover, all services are quick to respond to the in-store requests. Although hybrid and centralized system of technical architecture seem to be efficient in other businesses like shipping, a distributed system for a retail store is better because a retail store needs to track and identify behavioral trends in order to improve pricing and stocking. The proposed distributed operating system is essential in serving the various clients within the retail since it allows interactions of the various business activities through integration of machines within the network (Ray, 2009). A distributed DBMS is essential in providing functionality for the distributed system in order to facilitate the business processes for the retailer. Principles for technical architecture incorporate strategic and enterprise-wide goals that rely on specific environmental factors for the business (Greefhorst & Proper, 2011). Therefore, the proposed technical architecture for the retailer offers properties that are essential in meeting the retailer’s

Socio-Economic Consequences of Ecotourism Essay Example for Free

Socio-Economic Consequences of Ecotourism Essay Discuss the environmental and socio-economic consequences of ecotourism. What additional factors need to be considered in establishing ecotourism projects? Ecotourism aims to protect landscapes and wildlife, promoting also financial benefits to the local communities. According to Chaynee (2010), in Malaysia, ecotourism is the second largest source of Gross Domestic Product. It provides job opportunities and stimulates voyagers to show respect for the conservation of the environment. There are numerous positive and negative effects of ecotourism, and as a result, there is the need to apply additional actions to minimize the unbalanced outcomes. This essay will discuss the environmental consequences of ecotourism, such as, the conservation and deterioration of the surrounding areas. Secondly, it will analyse the socio-economic effects; finally the essay will suggest some factors for future ecotourism projects. The implementation of ecotourism has positive environmental consequences. Firstly, ecotourism allows the discovery of new places and the improvement on territory conservation. In her case study, Nikitina (2007) shows that in Russia, ecotourism has been showing off the natural areas, which during the Soviet Period were strictly protected. She also points out that the populations have more appreciation of the nature. What this means is that ecotourism may be seen as an environmental education program. Ecotourists are interested to respect rules and acquire knowledge about nature; consequentially, local communities may look at tourists as a correct model to imitate (Chaynee 2010; Waylen et al. 2009). Furthermore, according to Chaynee (2010), there is a positive impact on the attitude of local people towards conservation of their own culture. Being ecotourists interested to learn, local communities are incited to protect the cultural property value such as rituals, ceremonies, arts and crafts. However, besides protecting natural sites, ecotourism may also be the indirect reason of negative environmental consequences. This view is commonly shared; as Hueter in Jaffe (2009: 1) states, â€Å"There comes a time when you have so much interference through ecotourism that you affect the thing you’re trying to protect†. The reason for this could be that as ecotourism is becoming a phenomenon widely promoted, the large number of ecotourists attracted, may cause a higher rate of pollution and an increased deterioration of the environment. The island of Damas shows how over-crowing of tourists influences the natural behaviour of wildlife; penguins in contact with people may abandon their own natural habitats (Ellenberg in Jeff 2009). In addition, in Tortoguero, the significant amount of rubbish left by tourist harms the habitat of the animals (Meletis in Jeff 2009). Furthermore, according to York (2005), the establishment of tourist accommodations and the need of firewood have caused water contamination and deforestation. In conclusion, environment and wildlife are often victims of the ecotourism activities. Furthermore, ecotourism produces consequences in the socio-economic status of the local community, as the creation of new businesses increases job opportunities and improves the economy. For example, it involves host communities in the tourist industry, such as restaurants, accommodation, and local tours. In addition, in Zapovednik, a natural area in Russia, extra financial helps often occur by visitors for supporting the population (Nikitina 2007). On the other hand, it needs to be underlined that socio-economic consequences can also be negatives. A study to find out the effects of ecotourism on the Masai population claims that â€Å"The Masai have faced eviction from tribal lands, economic dislocation, assaults on traditional values, and environmental degradation† (York 2005: 2). For the local community, forests were the main source of income, allowing them to practice farming and other activities. However, since wildwood has become protected for the landscape conservation or destroyed for lodge constructions, the Masai are unable to use the natural resources for practicing their own businesses. In addition, in these places, industries duplicate traditional homemade products and sell these at a cheaper price; as a result the local economy is compromised (York 2005). Secondly, he believes that the prices of products and services have increased as an economic result of the turnout of a wide number of tourists. Indeed, in the Philippines, many people migrate due to the higher cost of living. Furthermore, a lack of water emerges due to the growing demand, both from the tourist facilities and local families (ibid). In conclusion, the drawbacks for the local people are various. Almost all of the above outcomes, both environmental and socio-economic, may be improved by applying corrective actions when considering future projects. Firstly, according to Libosada (2009) ecotourism should be managed like as a business and seen as a networked industry: tourist agents should work on tour promotions, the host communities provide accommodation, and the government should fix rules within the ecotourism business. In fact, a successful model for the development of ecotourism requires the participation of all of the subjects involved. In addition, by developing an accurate framework become possible resolving the conflict of interest between them, planning the use of resources and also auditing the results during the implementation of the project. Furthermore, in order to avoid some negative effects of mass tourism, Libosada (2009) suggests to identify the physical limits of the local area, in relation to carrying capacity of tourists, and use these limitations to plan future strategies; this is known as the LAC concept. Another example of how minimize the environmental deteriorations is the creation of buffer zones close to the core-protected areas. In these are promoted all the tourist activities in order to attract people and leave the protected sites intact (Nikitina 2007). Finally, in order to prevent the migration of local people, Jaffe (2009) points out that an agreement should ensure that they are employed in the village activities, so that money remains in the economy of the local area. This essay has discussed the wide impact of ecotourism on the environment, and how it may affects the socio-economic status of the communities. The several drawbacks may be minimized with the adoption of an accurate framework as guideline, the creation of buffer zones and the identification of physical limits of the ecotourism hosting areas. These actions may be fundamentals for the establishment of future ecotourism projects. Therefore, co-operation between government, local people and tourist industry is the key tool. If all the potential beneficiaries of the projects work together for the same targets, ecotourism will be more profitable and successful. List of References Chaynee, W. (2010). Benefits of Ecotourism for Local Communities. Available at: http://www.mier.org. [Accessed 22/05/10]. Jaffe, E. (2009). Science News.  © 2009 Science Service, Inc. 170(14). Libosada Jr. C.M. (2009). Ocean Coastal Management, 52, 390–394. Available at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ocecoaman. [Accessed 15 Nov 2012]. Nikitina, E (2007) Ecotourism: an Opportunity for Sustainable Development Available at http://www.russianconservation.org [Accessed 19/05/09]. Waylen, K.A., McGowan,P.J.K., Pawi Study Group and Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2009). Ecotourism positively affects awareness and attitudes but not conservation behaviours: a case study at Grande Riviere, Trinidad. Fauna Flora International Oryx. 43(3), 343–351 Available at: http://journals.cambridge.org [Accessed 28/05/10]. York, S. (2005) Eco-Tourism Can Be Both a Boon and a Curse for Indigenous Peoples. Available at: http://commongroundmag.com. [Accessed 16/05/06].

Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Report

Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Report How the changes in substrate concentration (PNPP), changes in temperature, changes in pH and the presence of an inhibitor (phosphate ions) effects the rate of reaction of the reaction between PNPP and water catalysed by the enzyme acid phosphates which produces PNP and phosphate as its products . Using spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of the products formed through hydrolysis of substrate. Abstract: The purpose of this scientific paper was to replicate earlier findings of experiments in enzyme kinetics and to see if enzyme behaviour and activity is influenced by 4 factors- change in substrate concentration, temperature, pH and the presence of a competitive inhibitor. In the first section where the substrate concentration was altered whilst the enzyme concentration was kept constant the relationship was found to be hyperbolic this can be explained using the Michaelis -Menten equation and the Lineweaver burk plot which was also used to obtain Km values of 0.25 and Vmax values of 0.12UNIT. The increase in [S] increased the rate of reaction at first but when [S] too much the initial velocity started to decrease. The increase in temperature led to a general increase in the initial velocity until the temperature reached 347 K where the enzyme denatured. The optimum temperature of the reaction was in the range 310 K- 323.2 where the rate increased at its fastest. The third section was the effect of pH on the enzyme activity. The optimum pH of the reaction was 5.5. This pH gave the highest reading of absorbance which means that the rate of hydrolysis was at its highest. Finally the last section of the experiment was the effect of competitive inhibitor on the rate of reaction. The investigation showed that the inhibitor used (phosphate ions) was a non-competitive inhibitor. The inhibitor did lower the initial velocity of the reaction when it attached to the enzyme at random. Introduction: This laboratory report is on the topic of enzyme kinetics, previous work in this particular field was carried out in the 1700s, when biological catalyst enzymes were discovered and studied. As understanding of enzymes increased scientist carried out basic laboratory experiments such as the conversion of starch to sugar by saliva to increase their understating of enzymes and how they function. However the first actual incident where enzymes were understood in detail was in 1897-by Edward Buchner .Since then on, till this period of time factors which effect the velocity/ rate of reaction and enzymes have been studied widely by many scientists globally. The modern scientists have a deep understanding of enzyme kinetics. The purpose of this laboratory report is to confirm previous findings covered in various sources of scientific literature and journals. Enzymes are often described as organic catalysts which increase the rate of reaction of a bio-chemical reaction ( David L.Nelson etal 2008). Enzymes increase the rate velocity of various reactions that occur in a biological system such as the mammalian digestive system. Enzymes can have functions including transfer, synthesis or breakdown of molecules. It is important to mention that enzymes are proteins which speed up the rate of reaction without being used up themselves i.e. they are reusable. Enzymes have a very specific active site which is complementary to a specific substrate 3 dimensional structure. The specificity is due to the complementary hydrophilic/hydrophobic charge, electrical charge and shape of active site on the enzyme. The binding of an enzyme with an specific substrate produces an enzyme substrate complex (ES).The rate at which the enzyme substrate complex is formed is dramatically increased or decreased in changes in substrate concentration, temperature, pH and presence of an competitive inhibitor the effect of these 4 factors on the enzyme activity is known as enzyme kinetics (Jeremy M. Berg etal 2006).Enzymes work on the concept of transition states. Transition state of enzymes is the phase where the substrate is not a yet a product and not a substrate. Enzymes reduce this phase .The difference between the free energy of the reactants and the free energy of the transition state is the activation energy (Ea).The minimum energy required for a success full reaction to occur. Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier. A typical enzyme substrate reaction can be simplified and be written as: The enzyme studied in this investigation was acid phosphatase. This enzyme can be identified by its Enzyme Commission Number (EC number) which is 3.1.3.2. Now I will briefly discuss the enzyme kinetic properties of acid phosphatase. The enzyme acid phosphatase catalyses the removal of phosphate group from organic molecules. Its primary mechanism of action is to bring a substrate molecule into contact with a molecule of water .This results in catalysis and the removal of phosphate group. Finally an hydroxyl group is attached to the substrate molecule. An example of this is the reaction shown below. This reaction was studied in this laboratory investigation. Acid phosphatase p-nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP) + water phosphate + p-nitrophenol(PNP) In the reaction above PNPP is the synthetic substrate, which is described as chromogenic.At. At high purity this compound is completely colourless. PNPP is hydrolysed by the enzyme acid phosphatase this produces phosphate and PNP. The product produced is yellow and can be measured using a colorimeter. The first part of the investigation concerns the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of reaction. I predict and expect that at an increase in substrate concentration (PNPP) will lead to an increased rate if reaction/initial rate. The reason for this is that an increase in substrate concentration increases the chances of a successful collision occurring between the enzyme and substrate increasing the likelihood of ES complex and product (PNP) formation results in an overall increase rate of reaction. This will produce a fist order reaction on a graph. However it is important to mention that at high substrate concentration the enzyme will be fully saturated this will reduce the rate of reaction as the there are too many substrate than enzymes. On a graph this would show a plateau. The maximum velocity of the reaction or the Vmax would be expected to be close to this region. Therefore I predict to see a hyperbolic relationship on a graph. Section B of this investigation concerns the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I would exepcet to find that an increase in temperature would result in an increase in the rate of reaction. The reason for this phenomenon is that as there is increase in kinetic energy being applied to enzymes and substrates it increases the chances of collision occurring so more product (PNP) is formed per unit time. However I also believe that temperatures above 50 -70 degrees Celsius would denature the enzymes active site and the 3 dimensional structures. At this stage the enzyme will not be complementary in shape to the substrate. This would mean that no reaction can be completed so the rate of reaction will decrease. It is important to state that the enzyme is going to have an optimum temperature at which the ES complexes and products are made at the fastest velocity. The increase in temperature increase the amount of molecules which have higher energy than the Ea barrier this in turn increases the amount of molecules which can react increasing the rate of reaction or initial velocity. I believe the optimum temperature is going to range between 20-40 degrees Celsius. The third part of this lab report is based on the effect of pH on the rate of reaction again I believe that at extremes of pH such as acidity or alkalinity will affect the rate of reaction. This may cause the enzymes structure to denature and will cause a lower rate of reaction and lower rate of product formation because the enzyme will not be complementary to the substrate. I would expect this enzyme to have a low optimum pH of around 5-2 as it is acid. Finally the last section of this investigation concerns the effect of a competitive inhibitor (phosphate ions) on the rate of reaction. Inhibitor in this case the phosphate ions will compete with the actual substrate PNPP for the active site of the enzyme acid phosphatase. These inhibitors can only attach to the active site of the enzyme due to their complementary properties. The concentration of the inhibitors will be kept constant and the concentration of the substrate PNPP will be altered. I believe that as the concentration of PNPP increases the rate of reaction will increase this is because the PNPP can out- compete the competitive inhibitor and reverse the effect of the inhibitor. Materials and Methods: All procedures were carried out as described in the lab schedule. No alterations were made to any of the procedures carried out throughout the experiment. Discussion: The first section of this lab report relates the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. I shall briefly discuss and explain what my data shows and means. Graph 3 which is the graph of Michaelis Menten of collected data. The relationship between the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction and the substrate concentration can be describes as hyperbolic. The graph and tables 2 show that as the concentration of substrate (PNPP) increases from 0.00 Mmols to 0.20 Mmols of substrate the initial velocity or the rate of reaction shows an increase in too. The relationship can be describes as fist order as the [V] rises almost linearly with the increase in [S]. However after the concentration increase from 0.20- to 3.00 Mmols the initial velocity shows a gradual increase and then gradually levels of or slopes here graph shows 0 order relationship. This supports the prediction I made in the introduction. The graphs indicates that as the concentration of substrate increase the rate of reaction increase this is because of the increase chances of a collision between a substrate and an enzyme. This in turn increases the rate at which ES and P are formed. However after the concentration increase after 0.20 3.00 Mmols the rate stars to level off. The reasoning behind is this is that there are too many substrates than compared to enzymes an all enzymes are described to be fully saturated .At this phase the reaction is at its Maximum velocity and cannot increase in rate unless more enzymes are added therefore enzyme concentration is the limiting factor. I can tell that the data I collected from the experiment in the lab is accurate and valid as the graph which compares the theatrical data and the collected data show similarities in the trend line the Vmax the km and as well as the points and there is no anomalous data point on either of the 3 graphs. My findings support the findings of many previous investigations and journals as the graphs show a similar relationship as to the findings to previous work. The implications of this investigation can be used widely to determine the Vmax and KM. These values can be used for medical purposes since the enzyme acid phosphatase is manufactured by the body to remove phosphate groups. The limitation of Michaels Menten plot is that the Km and Vmax cannot be accurately determined. Therefore a Lineweaver burk plot is plotted. The Lineweaver burk plot shows that the KM and Vmax are very similar to the ones from the Michaelis Menten plot. Finally KM is an approximate measure of the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate.A small value of KM indicates a high affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. From my graphs (1 +2) I can tell that the KM was 0.24 and therefore small. This means that the enzyme acid phosphatase has a high affinity for the synaesthetic substrate PNPP. This means that small concentration of substrate PNPP is enough to run the reaction at half of maximum velocity (1/2 Vmax). The next section of the investigation concerns the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I predicted an increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction or the initial velocity of the e reaction until the enzyme denatures and the protein sequence becomes damaged an unravels. The actual reason for why the protein sequences unravel is that the protein has too much kinetic energy and the amino acids vibrate and this causes the non covalent forces to be weakened. There is an increase in the rate of reaction as the temperature increases from 278 -323 K the increase is almost linear. However after the temperature 323 K-to 347 K the enzyme denatures and unravels. This is proved by the last point on the graph which doesnt fit the line of best fit. Overall the graphs and data all prove my predictions correct. There is no other anomalous data present. The third section concerns the effect of pH on the rate of reaction. As we have discovered before the enzyme used was acid phosphatase so the pH at which it works at best the optimum temperature will be in the acidic pH regions. I can confirm from my graph that the optimum pH of the reaction is in the region 5-5.5 which is indeed acidic. pH of 5.5 gives the highest absorption value, this therefore means that the rate of hydrolysis was at its fastest. A possible explanation for the change in the experimental design is that the pH may denature the enzyme if the enzyme was added first the active site and 3 dimensional shape of the enzyme could be altered at extremes of pH such as 2 which is quite acidic. The pH does not affect the substrates 3 dimensional structure in the same ways as the enzymes. Therefore to obtain valid results /data the design for this part of the experiment was slightly altered. pH has a very strong effect on enzyme activity .This is because enzymes work on the basis of mechanisms such as induced fit hypothesis and lock and key . The enzymes have a specific active site due to the complementary 3 dimensional active site with the substrate. According to the induced fit hypothesis the enzyme can undergo some change in the 3- dimensional structure in order to fit the substrate. However a change in pH changes the enzymes active site structure. An increase in H+ ions can change the active site structure due to the fact that h+ ions can interfere with any polar molecules on enzymes protein structure. Amino acids side chains can be protonated and may be damaged due to the extreme pH (concentration of H+ )this may result in the protein sequence to unravel which means that the active site is not complementary to the substrate and the rate of reaction decreases as no or little ES are formed which results in little products formed. The final section concerns the effect of a competitive inhibitor (phosphate ions) on the rate of reaction. From my graph I can tell that the inhibitor present was an non-competitive inhibitor. I can tell this by looking at the Lineweaver Burk plot where the trend lines cross the 1/Vmax intercept at different values but cross the 1/km intercept at the same values. This means that this type of inhibitor does not affect the KM but does lower the Vmax values. Non competitive inhibitor has the same effect as lowering the total volume of enzyme. This type of inhibition is reversible. It binds to a site away from the enzymes active site it denatures the active site so no other substrates can bind to the active site. This in turn lowers the rate of reaction and the rate at which products are formed. However this type of inhibitor also binds to the enzyme substrate complex I can therefore conclude that the non competitive inhibitor does lower the rate at which the products are formed. References: Books: David L. Nelson et al (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ,W.H Freeman and Company Jeremy M. Berg et al (2006) Biochemistry, W.H Freeman and Company Lab schedule (2009) Enzyme Kinetics MODULE LSC10034 EXPERIMENT 4 Lecture Notes: Lectures notes (2009) Dr John Mills- Module LSC-10034 Proteins and Enzymes lectures 9, 10, 11 (Figures 1-5) Absorbance values- Table 4 and Table 6 Emma Ezekiel Web Pages: EC Number -http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=3.1.3.2 Seen :20 November 2009

Doomed From the Start Essay -- Harper Lee Kill Mockingbird Essays

Doomed From the Start Throughout the course of history, blacks have always been second to the whites. Even after the Civil War, segregation and racists groups were at large. During this time, white men were disrespectful towards black men. Groups like the K.K.K. wanted nothing less than white supremacy, and they would stop at nothing to obtain this goal. Many blacks were lynched, or even killed only because of the color of their skin. The following are examples of this; the Scottsboro case, lynching by the Klan, and many forms of segregation from the 1920’s till 1930’s. Also in Harper Lee’s book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Tom Robinson never has a chance to plead innocent because of his black skin. During the 1930’s, nine young black men were falsely accused of raping two white women on a freight train near Paint Rock, Alabama. Ruby Bates and Victoria Price accused Charlie Weems, Ozie Powell, Clarence Norris, Olen Montgomery, Willie Roberson, Haywood Patterson, Andy and Roy Wright, and Eugene Williams of this crime. The boys were arrested on March 25, 1931. All but Roy Wright were sentenced to the death penalty. They were all convicted on very little evidence. It came down to two white women’s words against the black men’s. After many lawyers failed to win the defendant’s release in 1936, a plea bargain was arranged where four of the defendants were released. However, the remaining five continued to carry out their sentence. Because there was no real evidence to keep them in jail, the last defendant was freed in 1950 (Kelly 1-2). After the Civil War, lynching was practiced by the K.K.K. Lynching is the legal execution of a person by a mob. On November 7, 1837, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, the editor of the Al... ...he balcony. This proved that the whites thought that they were better than any black man. Finally, the jury was all white. Since a white man would never believe a black man word over a white women’s word, Tom Robinson just like the Scottsboro Boys, were doomed from the start. Work Cited Kelly, Robin. "The Case of The "Scottsboro Boys"." Online posting. 23 Jun.1996. . 12 March, 2001. <http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/scottsboro.html>. Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1982. Reich, Steve. "Implementation of Segregation." Online posting. 22 Feb.1996. . 12 March, 2001. <http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/~south/archives/threads/segregation.html>. Simkin, John. "Lynching." Online posting. . . 12 March, 2001. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlynching.htm>.

Characters in The Girl Watcher and The Human Chair :: Tayama Katai Edogawa Rampo

Uncanny Reactions to Modernization Sugita Kojo of Tayama Katai’s â€Å"The Girl Watcher† (1907) and the chair maker in Edogawa Rampo’s â€Å"The Human Chair† (1925) react to new ways of life in a similar, vulgar manner. Both stories include aspects of society new to that time: Trains and chairs, respectively. These pieces from the Meiji & Taisho period, a period where stories began to express the character’s thoughts, depict the importance of understanding novel and foreign aspects of daily life by showing how these modern ways of living may be used inappropriately. Sugita, the protagonist in â€Å"The Girl Watcher,† has several responsibilities: his job, wife, and children. However, his passion is watching young, wealthy girls on trains. Yes. Why does he choose this particular â€Å"hobby†? These girls attend expensive high schools and can be considered modern in both age and appearance. According to lecture, trains were a new space where people of different social classes mixed, and people had to learn to act appropriately and how to look at other passengers. Right! With much practice, Sugita has figured out how to watch young women on trains, abusing this new form of travel: â€Å"It’s too direct to watch them face on, whereas from a distance it’s†¦likely to arouse people’s suspicions; therefore, the most convenient seat to occupy is one diagonally opposite† (Katai, 175). Yes. This is one of my favorite quotes in the story. Sugita is not an ordinary man, his walk is odd and he is unpleasant to the eye. However, he lives a mundane and depressing life writing for a magazine. Sugita watches girls to restore his passion for life, to engage in the modern world: â€Å"was there no one who would embrace him in her white arms? If only someone would, then he was sure †¦he would discover life†¦in hard work. Fresh blood would flow through his veins† (page 180). He wishes he could be rescued. Young women remind Sugita of his youth, of things he wanted to do but never did, such as make passionate love. Katai may be saying that once things modernize, one must become entirely modern to survive in society. Sugita lives in a modern house, wears western clothes (considered modern at the time), but he does not live a modern life: â€Å"he was coming out †¦in his same old way along his same old route, wish his same old hat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Katai, 170).

Charles Darwin Essay -- Biography Biographies

Charles Robert Darwin was a man of many hats. He was a friend, colleague, son, father, husband; but above all, he was a naturalist. Through his dedication and perseverance did he manage to, in less than a generation, establish the theory of evolution as a fact in peoples' minds. In fact, "[t]oday it is almost impossible for us to return, even momentarily, to the pre-Darwinian atmosphere and attitude" (West 323). Darwin formed the basis of his theory during the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle, on which vessel he was posted as it travelled around the globe. During that five-year span, this young man saw foliage, creatures, cultures that he had never known first-hand before. He was exposed to environments that not many of his contemporaries saw and lived the life that few did. Was his epic journey merely a series of trips to strange and exotic lands, or was Darwin affected by his experiences in more profound ways? Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809; the same day that another great man, Abraham Lincoln, was born. He was no child prodigy; he "was considered by all [his] masters and by [his] Father as a very ordinary boy, rather below the common standard in intellect" (Barlow Voyage 28). The one trait in him that stands out in his formative years is a taste for the outdoors; he loved to gather shells, seals, franks, coins, and minerals. The passion for collecting, which leads a man to be a systemic naturalist, a virtuoso, or a miser, was very strong in [him] and was clearly innate, as none of [his] sisters and brother ever had this taste. (Barlow Autobiography 23) He grew up in Shrewsbury, and attended the local grammar-school there. After graduating, he entered Edinburgh University with the intent of studying medicine, but he found anatomy boring a nd his lack of sketching skills hampered him. It was decided between Darwin and his father that he should pursue ecclesiasticalstudies at Cambridge. Those subjects did not enthuse him either, but he discovered a "spontaneous and exceptional interest in natural history" (Moorehead 25). Academically, "he scraped through...with a pass" (Moorehead, 25) but socially, he enjoyed himself greatly, as he had fallen in with a crowd of sportsmen and naturalists. As well, he developed strong ties with his botany and geology teachers, Professors Adam Sedgwick and John Henslow. Henslow was indeed a true friend; he did ... ... bloom; his zeal sharpened his eyes and ears, and opend up his mind to "new ideas, new books, new friends, new observations, new hypotheses, new laws" (Dorsey 79). His spirit of adventure led him to far-off lands where obscure fauna and flora were living and breathing, and not just names in some book. "The discipline of the trip taught him an eternal lesson in good-humoured patience, freedom from selfishness, the habit of acting for himself and making the best of every occurrence" (Dorsey 71). While he eventually found himself to be at odds with the religion that he once wholeheartedly embraced, never did he attempt to derogate people's beliefs; it was with rare and noble calmness with which he expound[ed] his own views, undisturbed by the heats of polemical agitation which those views...excited, and persistently refus[ed] to retort on his antagonists by ridicule, by indignation, or by contempt. (Dorsey 270) So it was through hard work, flexibility and openmindedness that this gr eat man, whom his colleague and friend Wallace termed "the Newton of Natural History" (West 325), came to develop his trademark values of integrity and dedication as he sailed the shores of distant lands.

Ways to Learn Speak English

Ways to Learn Speak English We can speak English confident if we native language is another than English, because we live in a homogeneous country, where the diversity of races abound, thereby dialect, ways of thinking, living and acting, but in this country the universal language is English, spoken different accents, so if we aren’t native north American there are several ways to learn speak English, for example, the practicing, living with other people who speak native English, learn and study English sentences, and watching television.We can practice the language listening our favorite music in English, so we can hear a song several time, playing attention and repeating again and again singing the melody to memory, what matters is that you try to get the words, sing it loud and rhythm, on YouTube you can find your favorite song with lyrics in English, this will facilitate our pronunciation.When we live with native English speaks, we have the opportunity to repeat the word t hat we do not understand or find another way to explain what we want to communicate, this do not happen when we hear music, so we have the opportunity to enrich both our accent and our vocabulary finding synonyms o different words for same meaning, reproduce and repeating. Additionally, if we know different words we can make sentences.This will help that must practice with our friends native English speaking these phrases every day, so when we come to know many sentences almost that we could speak English fluently. Finally, we can learn speak English comfortably when we watch a favorite movie, so we Liliana2 have the opportunity to pay attention to intonation and return the movie and repeat a phrase or complete sentences, this is a wonderful idea, we can also choose some favorite series and try to listen understand and then, try to tell the story in our own words.In conclusion, the reliability in the English language is growing as it is practiced, in some schools use technological a dvances to develop the English language and it accent, but practice certainly plays an important fact in the development, so find our own technique in which we feel most comfortable and practice away.

A Description of Monarchy Essay

A monarchy is a form of government in which authority is actually embodied in a single individual (the monarch). When the monarchs has no or few legal restraints in state and political matters, it is called an absolute monarchy and is a form of autocracy. Cases in which the monarch’s discretion is formally limited (most common today) are called constitutional monarchies. Inhereditary monarchies, the office is passed through inheritance within a family group, whereas elective monarchies are selected by some system of voting. Historically these systems are most commonly combined, either formally or informally, in some manner. (For instance, in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are considered eligible, whereas many hereditary monarchies have legal requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, and other factors that act both as de facto elections and to create situations of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. ) See more:  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Monarchy was the most common form of government into the 19th century, but it is no longer prevalent, at least at the national level. Currently, 44 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state, 16 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognize Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. All European monarchies are constitutional ones, with the exception of the Vatican City, but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger. The monarchs of Cambodia, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia and Morocco â€Å"reign, but do not rule† although there is considerable variation in the amount of authority they wield. Although they reign under constitutions, the monarchs of Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations, either by constitutional mandate or by tradition.

The Safavid and Moghul Empire

The Safavid Empire really put Iran on the map for their economic strength. The Safavid Empire was founded by the Safavids and covered all of Iran, parts of Turkey, and Georgia. The Shiite based empire lasted from 1501-1722. The reason for their success was their locations on the trade routes. Shah Ismail, age 14 ruled from 1501 to 1524 and by 1510 he had conquered all of Iran. Shi’ism was introduced to Iran and many Sunni Muslims were murdered. But there was a positive side to their religion; the early Safavid Empire was a theocracy. Religious and political powers were all together. The Empire became rich because it was in the center of the trade route in the Ancient World. Shah Abbas was leader during the golden years of the Safavid Empire. Although he had a small army, they were well trained and had had the best weapons. With the help of the Europeans Shah Abbas had some success against the Ottoman Turks. After Shah Abbas died the Safavid Dynasty suffers and leaders lacked leadership skills. Afghan people invaded and seized the capital of the Safavid Empire and what is left of the Safavid dynasty falls apart. The Mogul Empire (also spelled Moghul or Mughal) was founded by Babur in 1526 and stretched from almost all of India and westward into Europe. Babur’s army was small, but had better weapons. Babur captured Delhi and conquered North India until he died in 1530. Akbar was Babur’s grandson son and was 14 when he took the throne. By 1605 Mogul ruled most of India. Akbar was a great negotiator, was lenient with different religions, and was very humane. He even married a Hindu woman. People had to pay 1/3 of their harvest every year to the state, but sometimes that tax might be lowered or excused. Trade and manufacturing flourished during this time. After Akbar died, Jahangir took over and continued to strengthen the central government. He convinced his wife to arrange a marriage with him son and her niece and he becomes the ruler after Jahangir. Shah Jahan could not deal with domestic problems and cost the Empire a lot of many. He had many expensive projects such as the Taj Mahal which was built for his favorite wife who dies while giving birth to her 14th child. The government had to raise taxes to pay for it. When Shah Jahan dies, his sons fight for power and one ends up killing another so the son Aurangzeb becomes king. He was a devout Muslim and forbade drinking, gambling, and prohibited the building of Hindu temples. As a result of this, people are unhappy and the Persians attack in 1739. The British arrived in the Mogul Empire and wanted to take over. Of course the British won and they had the right to collect taxes in areas surrounding the Calcutta. Muslim woman began to fight in battles and female relatives become advisors to leaders. Moguls brought together Indian and Persian cultures and influences. The Mogul and Safavids, although very different had many things in common. Both had important rulers who started their reign at 14. Both were of Islamic religion, and they both had small armies but advanced weapons. The rulers played a role in the Empire’s decline. Both started out as strong, wealthy empires and started to decline. And The Mogul and Safavid Empire had strong religious beliefs.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay

In the early 1960’s there was a drift towards Cognitive Behavior Therapy as people turned away out of disappointment in the psychodynamic theory for psychotherapy. Also at this time social learning theory was the new and upcoming study. This is when Cognitive theory emerged with Alfred Adler. He was the first Cognitive therapist who came up with the idea that an individuals beliefs and ideas is what makes up their behavior (Lantz, 1996). He believed that this type of psychotherapy would allow the clients to make changes in the way they think to change their behavior and solve their problems. Alfred Adler was not the only contributor to Cognitive theory. Between the late 1950’s and early 1960’s Albert Ellis came up with dysfunctional thinking or emotions that come from irrational beliefs. He sought out to change these unclear emotions with psychotherapy and by challenging these beliefs. His books are very well known and used a lot of by different therapist. He is basically considered the grandfather of Cognitive Behavior Therapy and his ABC model is used widely. Albert came up with Rational-emotive therapy, which was later on changed to Rational-emotive behavior therapy because Ellis wanted his clients to act upon their new beliefs by putting them into practice (Wilde, 1996, p. 9). Others who have contributed to Cognitive theory have been William Glasser, Arnold Lazarus, Don Tosi, Victor Ramy, Maxie Maultsby, Aron Beck and many more. William Glasser used effective psychotherapy to help his clients find courage to change their life style and become more responsible of their goals. He did this by pointing out the worth of self and the basic human need to be loved. His ‘reality therapy’ consisted of his clients focusing on personal responsibility to understand their own reality (Lantz, 1996). Arnold Lazarus came up with the seven modes of the client that help assess their functioning. These seven modes are sensation, imagery, cognition, behavior affect, interpersonal living and drugs (Lantz, 1996). These modes, according to Lazarus, would help come up with a treatment plan that would help the client in all areas of their function lives. Don Tosi contributed to Cognitive theory by intergrading hypnosis with the therapy. Hypnosis is used to help the clients picture their thoughts in a healthy way through exploration and redirection (Lantz, 1996). Victor Ramy focused his work on helping clients change their self-concept. His books show how to help a client work with and change the cognitive misunderstanding of themselves. Maxie Maultsby used the ABC model as used by Albert Ellis but he also contributed by using rational behavior therapy with youngsters, for self-help groups, and group therapy. Aron Beck was a psychiatrist who used cognitive treatment to help his clients who had anxiety and personality disorders. He did extensive research on effective Cognitive therapy and how it helps clients with a range of individual problems from suicidal patients to those who have borderline personality disorders. Many of those who contributed to Cognitive therapy were not social workers. The first social worker that used Cognitive therapy was Harold Werner. Werner struggled early on when he tried to bring Cognitive therapy to social work as those who had a psychoanalytical point of view attacked him. His efforts allowed the theory to be accepted in the social work arena. Howard Goldstein also helped bring Cognitive therapy into the social work profession. Behavior theory is a mixture of different theories combined and it first came about in the first quarter of this century. The work of Ivan Pavlov and his classical conditioning theory, the work of B.F. Skinner and J.B. Watson and their operant condition theory and the work of Bandura on the social learning theory is all combined in the behavior theory. The classical conditioning theory states that a conditioned stimulus can cause a conditioned response with the famous example of Pavlov and the salivating dog. This is a behavior that is learned and that can be used to help clients during therapy especially those who have anxiety disorders. The operant conditioning uses human behavior and examines it. Skinner believed that behavior was measurable and that certain situations cause human to react is certain ways. Once these behaviors are learned through the scientific method we can predetermine a clients actions and help them with either negative or positive reinforcements. This will either increase or decrease the client’s behavior depending on if the behavior is punished or positively reinforced. In the late 60’s is when behavior theory became a front-runner with clinical social work. At this time the psychodynamic theories were under attack and a new theories were sought out. Social learning theory focuses on using the ABC model that Albert Ellis used to help clients. This involves finding the antecedents, target behaviors, and consequence in ones problematic behavior. Antecedents is what the client was doing before the situation occurred, target behavior is the behavior that needs to be changed or focused on and the consequence is the result because of their target behavior (Thomlison & Thomlison, 1996). These three are analyzed to figure out what needs to change in the behavior to get an alternate positive consequence or to see how the situation can be avoided. Principles and Concepts: There are four basic concepts to Cognitive theory. The first uses Albert Ellis’s ABC model to deal with the emotions we feel and the way we think about our situations and ourselves. The ABC model helps us identify our thoughts and then helps us control our emotions (Lantz, 1996). If what we are thinking during a situation is irrational then our emotions are going to be uncontrollable and irrational also. If we have rational thoughts then our emotions will be functional. If our trigger behavior causes irrational emotions then we need to find rational emotions to replace the irrational belief (Wilde, 1996, p. 33). The second basic concept to Cognitive theory is that these irrational beliefs are in our unconscious and we are not aware of them. This may make it difficult to find out what the thoughts are and why we have dysfunctional emotions. To help our clients notice their irrational beliefs we have to allow them to learn misconceptions about themselves so they are more aware of their thoughts. Irrational believes lead to illogical emotions, which causes the client to react in an unreasonable way, but there are exactions to these types of situation, which is basic concept three (Lantz, 1996). Sometimes the way we feel has nothing to do with our irrational beliefs. What we are feeling is really true or there could be a neurological or other health problem, which can make an individual feel down or angry or upset. A disparity in the brain chemistry can cause dysfunctional emotions. Lastly all irrational emotions are not always dysfunctional which means a rational belief can be dysfunctional also. A client might get sort of ‘high’ or excited from something dangerous such as a gun. Playing with a gun might give a client a feeling of excitement and happiness but it is not safe to play with guns. Feeling happy or excited is not considered a dysfunctional emotion but in this case we would have to teach the client about the misconception in their mind that playing with guns is safe or fun. Cognitive theory allows a person to recognize their environment and their situation both physically and communally and it allows them to work through and change it (Lantz, 1996). A basic concept to Behavior theory is that all behavior is learned and that individual have problematic behaviors. According to Skinner our social problems can be measured through our behavior. By changing the environment and reinforcing the client with either positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement we can get them to change their behavior. The stimuli from the reinforcement will allow the client to either change or remove the behavior (Thomlison & Thomlison, 1996). Social learning theory, which involves the ABC model, shows us how behavior can change for the better. Similarities and Differences: The biggest similarity between Cognitive theory and Behavior theory is the intertwining of the Social Learning Theory. They both use the ABC model and look at the antecedents, behaviors, and consequences of each situation. With Cognitive theory, the trigger behavior comes with an irrational belief that needs to be changed. Clients often times have irrational beliefs during their behavior. After the consequence takes place the ABC model will help us show them their irrational beliefs and teach them that with a rational belief a different consequence could have taken place. With Behavior theory a similar pattern is used. The problem is identified and the target behavior is observed by the social worker other wise known as ‘behavior analysis’ (Thomlison & Thomlison, 1996). The social worker then works with the clients on changing both the antecedents and the consequences to attain a different behavior. Changing the antecedent is known as manipulating the environment condition (Streff, Geller, 1986). The antecedent is changed to increase a positive behavior in the situation. The consequence is used as reinforcement either positive or negative. The reinforcement allows for a change in behavior. The difference between the two theories is that one focuses on the beliefs and emotions that one has about themselves and the behavior that comes from these beliefs and the other focuses on problematic behavior and the reinforcements that change this type of behavior. Behavior therapy uses both positive and negative reinforcements and Cognitive therapy focuses on eliminating the negative behavior or emotion and replacing it with positive rational behavior. A belief scale that serves as a measure from one to ten, is used to see how irrational the clients beliefs really are (Watson, Morris, Miller, 2001). With Behavior therapy reinforcements are used to encourage clients but with Cognitive therapy rational beliefs are used to encourage clients. The clients are questioned on their beliefs and often times humor is used to show the clients how irrational their beliefs can be (Wilde, 1996, p. 61). A limitation of behavior therapy is that reinforcement don’t always work for everyone. A stimulus for reinforcing someone depends on that person’s perception of the stimulus (Wilde, 1996, p. 18). If an individual is having behavior problems and the negative reinforcement is to stay after school, the individual might not think of it as negative reinforcement if they don’t like going home. Their situation at home might be worse then staying after school for detention. Another issue is that behavior theory only deals with the exterior of the problem and does not investigate the deep down root of the problem. Because behavior therapy doesn’t focus on the internal process of the client, the reinforcements are only successful if they bring change in the client’s life for the better. Although Cognitive theory may look at the root of the problem by focusing on automatic thoughts and core beliefs, it also has limitations. It is argued that Cognitive theory only looks at the problem for that one situation that occurs. One incident takes place where the client has inappropriate behavior with irrational beliefs (Atherton, 2007). Other aspects of the client’s life may or may not come up while discovering their irrational beliefs. Another issue is that with Cognitive theory, treatment is not emphasized with family members, the environment, and other interventions (Lantz, 1996). Both theories are culturally sensitive and work with all different backgrounds. Because different races and cultures have different social misconceptions, irrational beliefs may vary from culture to culture; but all cultures have irrational beliefs (Lantz, 1996). What is considered positive or negative reinforcements in one culture may not be considered so in another culture. These types of things vary but both types of therapy work with all different sorts of people. Both theories are compatible with the NASW code of ethics. Cognitive therapy and Behavior therapy both value the client and humanity. Cognitive therapists emphasize the use for rational thinking, which is not only for the client but also for society. The worth of the client is maintained and it is important to make sure that the client doesn’t feel threatened or ashamed by these techniques and it is up to the social worker to maintain these techniques. Blending The Two Theories: Research shows that when blending Cognitive therapy with Behavior therapy there are no proven results that the outcome is better for the client right away. The research does show however that there are more long term results when combining the two theories as apposed to just using one therapy or the other (Thomlison & Thomlison, 1996). Behavior theorists such as Skinner argue that when combining Cognitive theory to Behavior theory, the focus on behavior gets diverted and so the therapy is not as effective. Research is not conclusive on this matter but it shows that efficacy to the therapy depends on the problem that the client is having. As time goes on most social workers use Cognitive Behavior Therapy and not just one or the other. By blending the two theories we can focus on the client’s behavior, reinforce their positive behaviors and allow them to recognize their ideas and beliefs about their behavior to allow them to make rational choices and have rational emotions.

Critical review of research studies about effective strategies in Lab Report

Critical review of research studies about effective strategies in prolonging breastfeeding - Lab Report Example For mothers’ health, breastfeeding results in reducing risk of breast and ovarian cancers and enhancing maternal infant attachment, more rapid uterine involution, less postpartum depression and weight reduction (Peters, Wehkamp, Felberbaum, Krà ¼ger, & Linder, 2005; USPSTF, 2003). In particular, the decreased risks of breast and ovarian cancers are associated with the duration of breastfeeding in women. Peters et al. (2005) reported that the risk rate is reduced by 4.3% annually among women who breastfeed. Moreover, breastfeeding has cost-benefit. Health Maintenance Organisation in USA (cited in Peters et al., 2005) showed that a family with a child who was breastfed saved $808 for the child in three years. As a result of countless benefits of breastfeeding, the rates of mothers who commence breastfeeding have exponentially grown since 1960s. The World Health Organisation [WHO] (cited in Brttion et al., 2007) strongly recommends that all infants are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of their life. Despite of that, the rate of the breastfeeding continuation is lower than the WHO recommendation. Many infants in developed countries receive breast milk for a shorter period as well as in developing countries (Blyth et al., 2002; Dyson, McCormick, & Renfrew, 2005). In fact, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) have some of the lowest rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration among developed countries (Blyth et al., 2002; Dyson, McCormick, & Renfrew, 2005). According to WHO, only 35% of infants worldwide receive exclusive breastfeeding in five months postpartum (Peters et al., 2005; Spear, 2004). In Australia, the rate of mothers who continue with breastfeeding drops from 90% to 23% for six months postpartum (Blyth et al., 2002; Cadigan, & Perrin, 2007; Lumbigannon et al., 2007). There are many issues which contribute to short durations of breastfeeding, such as young

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The Other Side of Homeschooling - Research Paper Example This essay declares that homeschooling has been tagged as an offspring of older pedagogical movements which value individualism, non-conformity and empowerment, which most schools do not encourage. Proponents of homeschooling were former supporters of ‘free schools’ which were considered left-wing and detest conformity and ‘rat-race’ status-seeking that is usually associated with schools. Since homeschooled children are isolated from school and are expected to be educated from home, they are likewise not conforming to any norm dictated by the school environment. Being so, they are thought of as being deprived of social contact with their peers and other adults. Tis discussion declares that home-schooled children may excel academically, and even outstrip their peers in academic tests. Socially, they are deprived of experiencing normal peer interactions that bring about challenging situations that make them stronger as individuals. The social adjustment that goes with being with other young people or situations that make them struggle to survive on their own build character and develop coping skills they would need as grown-ups in the real world. Being shielded from differing personalities of people leaves them unable to interact appropriately especially with those with difficult temperaments. Teachers who encourage an â€Å"open classroom climate†, push their students to air divergent viewpoints to stimulate their thinking and test their faithfulness to their long-held beliefs. When students hear different perspectives, it helps them understand an issue better and become less likely to feel

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The Legacy of Keynes - Essay Example The influence of J.M. Keynes work is immense in the field of economics as he revolutionised economics with his classic book written in 1936, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money and changed the way we perceive the role of economy and governments in social life. With the introduction of the theory of income expenditure multiplier in 1931 by Richard Kahn, Keynes worked on the basis of his work which was to bring about revolutionary ideas to the field of economy giving rise to a new branch of economics known as the 'macroeconomics' (Keynes, 1936/1974). In a two volume Treatise on Money published in 1930 Keynes established the Wicksellian theory of the credit cycle in which the initial ideas of the liquidity preference theory of interest are suggested. This has been considered as one of the most important of Keynes contributions along with his ideas on marginal efficiency of investment. The impact of his 1936 book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money has been unprecedented not only because of the timing of its publications but also due to its unique approach that brought in a new brand of Keynesian economics (Coddington 1976; 1260; Trevithick 1992). This book was released during the period of the Great Depression and had major political, social and economic impact. Within the general theory, Keynes sought to develop a theory that can explain the formation of aggregate output and employment considering aggregate demand as the determining factor. He introduced certain revolutionary concepts in economics such as the co ncept of demand-determined equilibrium. He also suggested that price flexibility is generally ineffective as a cure to unemployment. Keynes also gave a unique theory of money based on "liquidity preference", and highlighted the role of radical expectations (Trevitihick 1992; Keynes 1936/1974). He worked on the marginal efficiency of investment schedule and taking a detour from Say's Law reversed the savings-investment causation relationship, and also suggested the possibility of government fiscal and monetary policy that can be used to counter the problems of recessions and control economic booms for a balanced and predictable economy.The Keynesian ideas were controversial as they were revolutionary and although Keynes had support of progressive economists he faced severe opposition from traditional ones. The "IS-LM" representation of Keynes's theory initiated the "Neoclassical-Keynesian Synthesis" and became the most popular and dominant form of macroeconomics by the 1960s (Chrysta l et al, 1994; Snowdown et al.1994). The Keynesian synthesis however went through changes in the Post Keynesian era although Keynes' theories were retained in the original forms. Keynes influence was pronounced due to the combined factors of the Depression, post war economy and Keynes revolutionary ideas that changed the way economists perceived or interpreted the role of government and concepts of economic theories (Snowdown et al, 1994). The inflationary gap of the post war era as identified by Keynes led to his emphasis on compulsory savings and setting up of an international commodity reserve. In a later

Analysis of Health and Safety in Chemical Industries Article Assignment

Analysis of Health and Safety in Chemical Industries Article - Assignment Example Therefore, the entire article is focused on the how workers have to be careful regarding the use of chemicals, and the necessary caution that needs to be taken. 3. The background or context surrounding this article is the constant injuries that always define workers in the chemical industry. Current knowledge is short on the various types of injuries that exist, and the major chemicals and the hazards they pose to workers. 4. The author takes on the topic with a methodological point of view such that it is systematic in analyzing the various factors involved in evaluating chemical risks in the factory such as identifying the different types of chemicals and the risks they pose. There are also ideological and theoretical perspectives in defining and assessing the characteristics of chemical injuries. 5. The key concepts that the article focuses on include the various types of dangerous chemicals that workers are constantly bound to be exposed to in their environments. There are also various descriptions such as the technical descriptions that differentiate the existing types of hazardous chemicals. 6. The most important information from the article is that it is essential to understand the various types of risks involved when working with chemicals in a factory. A good understanding of the different types of chemicals and risks makes it easier to tackle them and consequently enable a safe and healthy working environment. 7. The author points out that it is important to understand the chemicals that workers often deal with in a factory. This makes it easy to effectively deal with storage and counter any injuries that may arise. This leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to understand the different types of dangers present in the workplace, and effectively deal with them. 8. The author’s findings that different types of chemical hazards need different handling mechanisms make it easier for authorities.

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Ways to stay healthy - Essay Example This can be done by involving one’s body in exercises. In the current way of living in which many people sit behind computers all day either for work or pleasure, being involved in exercises is important for the body. Depending on objective of a person intending to start doing exercises, the amount of time and form of exercise varies. However, one hour of exercise is acceptable on a daily basis as way of staying fit and healthy. The most popular ways to exercise include jogging, going to the gym, walking and participating in sports which involve whole body movement as opposed to board games and computer games (Dale 16). Exercises help the body maintain its flexibility, improve the immune system, slow aging and helps one stay free from diseases such as heart attacks and diabetes. It is important to watch out what one eats or drinks in order stay healthy. People should eat a balanced diet in order to give the body all the nutrients it needs (Elson 19). It is believed that eating healthy lowers health risks such as heart disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer and hypertension. A healthy balanced diet involves eating primarily vitamins, carbohydrates and proteins. Vitamins are found in vegetables and fruits. Carbohydrates are found in grains and potatoes among others. Whole grains are best for the purpose of fulfilling caloric requirements of the body. Adequate water consumption is important in order to stay healthy. It is recommended that one should drink at least eight glasses of water on a daily basis (Walter 21). A healthy diet provides energy needs of the body and supports human nutrition without the subjection to excessive or toxicity weight gain from consuming excessive amounts. Last but not least, it is important to undertaking regular checks even when one feels that the he or she is okay. This is important for early detection of diseases and thus increases chances of smooth treatment. Cancer, one of the leader killer diseases,

Characterize the worlds current energy use situation and discuss Essay

Characterize the worlds current energy use situation and discuss various versions of an energy future as posed by the readings - Essay Example For example, Ayres (2001) focuses on making our present use of energy more efficient since there is technology available that can make more efficient use of our present oil and other energy resources. Instead of looking for new sources of energy or investing in our present sources, in the future envisioned by him, our energy use would become so efficient that economic growth would not be stalled until we have developed sustainable alternative fuels. The issue of development is directly connected with the search for alternative energy since the developing countries of the world depend on the availability of energy that can help them drive their economies. In any given city or country, whenever automobiles are driven, industries operated or to energy is generated to provide electric power to homes and offices, a significant amount of fossil fuels are used (Green, 2005). Of course a certain level of demand for such fuels had been met in the past since there was an abundance of resources but in the future, that demand may not be met if we continue to use fossil fuels in the same inefficient way that we have used them in the past. Ayres (2001) takes a view which focuses on governmental policies with regard to our current use of energy and how governments can mandate laws and regulations which make efficient energy a reality. This would allow significant cuts in the consumption of energy which would not only push back the peak but it would also allow the prices of oil to come down with a reduction in demand. The estimates made by him suggest that the demand for oil could be reduced by as much as half if the appropriate policies are implemented. The idea of pushing back the peak of oil production is discussed at length by Campbell and Laherrere (1998) who come to the conclusion that cheap and plentiful oil is no longer a given. They also report that the discovery of new oil production fields is

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DB 6 - Research Paper Example Deposits refer to clients’ money that are kept with the bank while borrowings are cash and cash equivalents that a banking institution may borrow from other sources such as other commercial banks and the Federal Bank (Union Bank, 2011). Liabilities of a magazine publisher, like those of a newspaper publisher, are however diverse and can be explored in terms of current liabilities and long term liabilities. Current liabilities of the form of business organization are creditors, accrued payroll, prepaid subscriptions, accrued expenses, and outstanding taxes. Portions of long term debts and lease liabilities that falls due in a given accounting period also form part of the publishers’ short term liabilities. Long-term liabilities for the form of business include â€Å"long term debt and capital lease obligations,† â€Å"pension benefits obligations,† â€Å"post retirement benefits obligations† among other long-term commitments (New York Times, 2012, p. 55). Current liabilities of a departmental store such as Macy’s departmental stores however include â€Å"short term debt,† â€Å"merchandise accounts payable,† â€Å"accounts payable and accrued liabilities,† â€Å"income taxes and differed income taxes† and outstanding taxes while long term liabilities are long term debts, outstanding taxes and other forms of long term liabilities (Macy’s, 2012, F-5). Borrowings and outstanding taxes are the common types of liabilities for the three forms of organizations while accounts payable, accrued expenses, accrued liabilities and long-term debts are common elements among magazine publishing organizations and departmental stores. Deposits are however unique for a banking institution while prepaid subscriptions are unique for a magazine publishing organization’s balance sheet and merchandise accounts payable is unique among departmental stores (Union Bank, ; New York Times, ; Macy’s, ). Project 2: A report for Alcenon’s management The Corporation leases a large percentage of its operational assets. The choice to make operating leases as opposed to capital lease has aimed at keeping lease debts out of the organization’s balance sheet in order to attain low debt rations in financial reports. Alcenon is currently negotiating a 10-year-lease on an asset whose anticipated useful life is 15 years. Terms of the lease requires ten annual lease payments at $ 20000 per year. The first installment is due at the beginning of the lease term and the value of the leased asset is $ 135180. There is no provision for transfer of title to the lessee and no provision for bargain purchase. Decision into accounting for the lease as an operating lease must however be based on accounting and legal provisions that the management must be informed of. This report explores relevant provisions to accounting for the lease and makes recommendations to the management. Accounting co ncepts for professional and legal regulation of accounting for asset lease differentiate between capital lease and operating lease and knowledge of the differences must be identified before the corporation classifies the lease. One of the factors that the management should consider is the lease duration relative to the asset’